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This book examines how the Embassy members approached, selected, and represented information, and how, in doing so, they helped to shape European perceptions of China. The Macartney Embassy of 1793 was the first British diplomatic mission to China, seeking to open ties between the two empires. As part of the mission, the British government commissioned writers and artists to chronicle the geography and culture of a civilization that had, until then, been shrouded in mystery. A central focus of the book is the artwork itself, which provides a window into the diplomatic, artistic and scientific viewpoints underlying the mission. Drawing on archival research, the study recreates the processes through which the Embassy’s draughtsmen, scientists, and diplomats collaborated to represent the visual images, and how the materials were reworked for publication in London. The finished product demonstrates that the artists offered a distinct viewpoint in the representation of China, sometimes differing from the textual accounts, by blending scientific elements and artistic aesthetics in order to demystify China and make it more knowable to a British audience. It was in the interposition of text and image that the British public formulated an ambivalent perception of China that embraced both admiration and disdain. In addition to the scholars, the book targets general readers who are interested in global art and history, and East–West interactions. It contains important images with detailed visual and historical analysis that enable readers to acquire knowledge on how the British represented China and how that image helped to shape the European perception of China during the British global expansion in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and beyond.

World history --- History --- wereldgeschiedenis --- geschiedenis --- China --- Art objects. --- Staunton, George,

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Why were so many religious images and objects broken and damaged in the course of the Reformation? Margaret Aston's magisterial new book charts the conflicting imperatives of destruction and rebuilding throughout the English Reformation from the desecration of images, rails and screens to bells, organs and stained glass windows. She explores the motivations of those who smashed images of the crucifixion in stained glass windows and who pulled down crosses and defaced symbols of the Trinity. She shows that destruction was part of a methodology of religious revolution designed to change people as well as places and to forge in the long term new generations of new believers. Beyond blanked walls and whited windows were beliefs and minds impregnated by new modes of religious learning. Idol-breaking with its emphasis on the treacheries of images fundamentally transformed not only Anglican ways of worship but also of seeing, hearing and remembering.

breaking --- Sculpture --- Reformation --- sculpture [visual works] --- iconoclasm --- England --- Délits religieux --- Délits religieux --- Iconoclasm --- Idols and images --- Religious articles --- Offenses against religion --- Social change --- Christianity --- History --- Social aspects --- Social conditions --- Religion --- Réforme (Christianisme) --- Iconoclasme --- Idoles et images --- Objets religieux --- Changement social --- Christianisme --- Histoire --- Aspect social --- Angleterre --- Church history --- Conditions sociales --- Histoire religieuse --- 246.3 --- 284.1 <41> --- Iconography --- Images and idols --- Religious images --- Statuettes --- Animism --- Art, Primitive --- Art and religion --- Fetishism --- Magic --- Sculpture, Primitive --- Symbolism --- Gods in art --- English Reformation --- 284.1 <41> Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- Lutheraanse hervorming. Reformatie van Luther--Verenigd Koninkrijk van Groot-Brittannië en Noord-Ierland --- 246.3 Beelden in kerken. Beeldenverering. Iconoclasme --- Beelden in kerken. Beeldenverering. Iconoclasme --- Worship --- Réforme --- Église --- Iconography, Religious --- Religious iconography --- Religious statuettes --- Statuettes, Religious --- Religious art --- Reformation - England --- Iconoclasm - England - 16th century --- Idols and images - England - History - 16th century --- Religious articles - England - History - 16th century --- Offenses against religion - England - History - 16th century --- Social change - England - History - 16th century --- Christianity - Social aspects - England - History - 16th century --- Iconoclastes --- England - Social conditions - 16th century --- England - Religion - 16th century --- Crimes against religion --- Offenses, Religious --- Religious crimes --- Religious offenses --- Crime --- Articles, Religious --- Objects, Religious --- Religious art objects --- Religious goods --- Religious objects --- Sacred objects --- Religions --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social history --- Social evolution --- Anglii︠a︡ --- Inghilterra --- Engeland --- Inglaterra --- Anglija --- England and Wales --- Réforme --- Église