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World history --- War --- Human ecology --- Natural resources --- Environmental policy. --- Global environmental change. --- Guerre --- Écologie humaine --- Environnement --- Ressources naturelles --- Changement global (Environnement) --- History --- Environmental aspects. --- History. --- Management --- Histoire --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Politique gouvernementale --- Gestion

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Guano --- Guano industry --- Phosphate industry --- Human ecology --- Soil amendments --- Phosphates --- Ecologie humaine --- Engrais et amendements --- History --- Social aspects --- Environmental aspects --- History. --- Histoire --- Industrie --- Aspect social --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Peru --- Pacific Area --- Péru --- Pacifique, Région du --- Environmental conditions --- Commerce --- Conditions environnementales --- World history --- anno 1800-1999 --- Environmental conditions.

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This book examines the relationship between humans and nature that evolved in medieval Europe over the course of a millennium. From the beginning, people lived in nature and discovered things about it. Ancient societies bequeathed to the Middle Ages both the Bible and a pagan conception of natural history. These conflicting legacies shaped medieval European ideas about the natural order and what economic, moral and biological lessons it might teach. This book analyzes five themes found in medieval views of nature - grafting, breeding mules, original sin, property rights and disaster - to understand what some medieval people found in nature and what their assumptions and beliefs kept them from seeing.

History of civilization --- History of Europe --- anno 500-1499 --- Human ecology --- Nature --- Philosophy of nature --- Civilization, Medieval. --- Philosophy, Medieval --- Ecologie humaine --- Homme --- Philosophie de la nature --- Civilisation médiévale --- Philosophie médiévale --- History --- Effect of human beings on --- Religious aspects --- Histoire --- Influence sur la nature --- Aspect religieux --- Europe --- Civilisation médiévale --- Philosophie médiévale --- Civilization, Medieval --- Medieval civilization --- Middle Ages --- Civilization --- Chivalry --- Renaissance --- Religion and science --- Nature, Philosophy of --- Natural theology --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Religious aspects. --- Religious interpretations --- Philosophy --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Arts and Humanities

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In the fourteenth century the Old World witnessed a series of profound and abrupt changes in the trajectory of long-established historical trends. Transcontinental networks of exchange fractured and an era of economic contraction and demographic decline dawned from which Latin Christendom would not begin to emerge until its voyages of discovery at the end of the fifteenth century. In a major new study of this 'Great Transition', Bruce Campbell assesses the contributions of commercial recession, war, climate change, and eruption of the Black Death to a far-reaching reversal of fortunes from which no part of Eurasia was spared. The book synthesises a wealth of new historical, palaeo-ecological and biological evidence, including estimates of national income, reconstructions of past climates, and genetic analysis of DNA extracted from the teeth of plague victims, to provide a fresh account of the creation, collapse and realignment of Western Europe's late medieval commercial economy.

Economic history --- Social history --- Europe --- History --- History of Europe --- anno 1200-1499 --- anno 1500-1599 --- Sozialer Wandel. --- Klimaänderung. --- Wirtschaftsentwicklung. --- Krieg. --- Bevölkerungsentwicklung. --- Epidemie. --- Europa. --- NATURE / General. --- Social change --- Climatic changes --- Human ecology --- Black Death --- Diseases --- War and society --- Changement social --- Ecologie humaine --- Guerre et société --- Social aspects --- Economic aspects --- History. --- Histoire --- Social conditions --- Economic conditions --- Conditions sociales --- Conditions économiques --- Climat --- Peste noire --- Maladies --- Changements --- Aspect social --- Aspect économique --- Guerre et société --- Aspect économique --- Conditions économiques --- Black death --- Society and war --- War --- Sociology --- Civilians in war --- Sociology, Military --- Human beings --- Illness --- Illnesses --- Morbidity --- Sickness --- Sicknesses --- Medicine --- Epidemiology --- Health --- Pathology --- Sick --- Epidemics --- Medicine, Medieval --- Plague --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Changes, Climatic --- Changes in climate --- Climate change --- Climate change science --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Global environmental change --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Change, Social --- Cultural change --- Cultural transformation --- Societal change --- Socio-cultural change --- Social evolution --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Environmental aspects --- Social change - Europe - History - To 1500. --- Climatic changes - Social aspects - Europe - History - To 1500. --- Climatic changes - Economic aspects - Europe - History - To 1500. --- Human ecology - Europe - History - To 1500. --- Black death - Europe - History. --- Diseases - Social aspects - Europe - History - To 1500. --- War and society - Europe - History - To 1500. --- Europe - History - 476-1492. --- Europe - Social conditions - To 1492. --- Europe - Economic conditions - To 1492.