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This essay proposes a set of non-econometric tests using data on wage structure, school resource costs, public expenditures, taxes, and rates of return to explain anomalies in which richer political units deliver less education than poorer ones. Both the anomalies of education history, and its less surprising contrasts, fit broad patterns that can be revealed and partially explained using low-tech methods. Over most of human history, contrasts in the output of education were driven mainly by contrasts in the supply of tax support for mass education. Exogenous influences on the demand for, and the private supply of, education played only lesser roles. Pro-growth public education could have emerged a century or two earlier than it did, had the leading countries of Western Europe mustered the political will to fund it. Government underinvestment in mass education is demonstrated for England and Wales between 1717 and 1891. Differences in political support still account for most of today's education anomalies where the contrasts involve less developed regions. In today's highest-income settings, however, differences in tax funding lose their previous explanatory power. The postwar shift away from strong effects of school resources calls for a renewed introduction of historical context into the “does money matter” debate.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Understanding star formation is one of the key fields in present-day astrophysics. This book treats a wide variety of the physical processes involved, as well as the main observational discoveries, with key points being discussed in detail. The current star formation in our galaxy is emphasized, because the most detailed observations are available for this case. The book presents a comparison of the various scenarios for star formation, discusses the basic physics underlying each one, and follows in detail the history of a star from its initial state in the interstellar gas to its becoming a condensed object in equilibrium. Both theoretical and observational evidence to support the validity of the general evolutionary path are presented, and methods for comparing the two are emphasized. The author is a recognized expert in calculations of the evolution of protostars, the structure and evolution of disks, and stellar evolution in general. This book will be of value to graduate students in astronomy and astrophysics as well as to active researchers in the field.

Space research --- Astrophysics --- Astronomy --- astrofysica --- ruimtevaart --- astronomie --- Stars --- Etoiles --- Formation --- Evolution --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVPHYSI SPRINGER-B

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Men's Health is a concise, didactic compendium that covers three important aspects of male sexual health:- Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome; Premature Ejaculation and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs). The chapters that deal with Testosterone Deficiency Syndrome cover the epidemiology of the condition in the local context, the science behind the condition, its clinical presentation and treatment choices. The section on Premature Ejaculation advises the health practitioner on how to investigate this condition and describes the various treatment options available to the patient. The chapters on Sexually Transmitted Infections cover special aspects of  the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of STIs occurring in Men which are not normally highlighted in the usual texts on STI management. Written by experts in the field, Men's Health is a valuable and timely resource for urologists, andrologists, endocrinologists as well as other health professionals practicing in these areas.

Pathological endocrinology --- Urology. Andrology --- Infectious diseases. Communicable diseases --- endocrinologie --- urologie --- besmettelijke ziekten --- geslachtshormonen

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Economic historians' Divergence debates since 2000 have asked a different question from that asked by Angus Maddison. The issue has become "when did countries' contemporaneous purchasing powers diverge?", not "when did countries' productivity grow at different rates?" The two questions have different answers, especially before 1914. Using pre-1914 prices to compare real purchasing powers on six continents, this article sketches some historical geography of the departures from the conventional Maddison estimates. One underlying reason for the divergence between projections back from 1990 and direct price comparisons from long ago is that before the great 1870-1914 wave of trade globalization, consumer staples were not traded over great distances, and regions specialized in narrow luxury trade. Inter-continental price ratios for subsistence goods thus varied more widely than since 1914. The new measures open up a new economic history of international differences in purchasing power before 1914. Northwest Europe was further ahead of Asian countries than earlier measures have shown. The discrepancy stems from a Gerschenkron effect, magnified before 1914 by Engel effects as well as by Balassa-Samuelson. Yet Northwest Europe was behind America and Australia across the nineteenth century, consistent with the same accounting framework but not with Maddison's estimates.

Zonder onderwerpscode: economie

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Based on multiple surveys, the present book gives valuable insights into the factors driving Social Network Site usage behavior for both practitioners and academics. By empirically evaluating multiple influence factors, it contributes to the current body of knowledge on Social Network Site usage behavior and provides multiple practical implications for Social Network Site service providers, advertisers, etc. Contents The Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations of Social Network Site Usage The Influence of Perceived Belonging and Perceived Privacy Risk on Social Network Site Usage Privacy Protecting Behavior in Social Network Sites Drivers of Sharing and Receiving Usage on Social Network Sites Target Groups Students and researchers in the fields of information systems and marketing Executives in the fields of information systems and marketing The Author Claus-Peter H. Ernst is a professor of information systems and business administration in Frankfurt am Main. He obtained his doctorate degree in business administration at the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Franz Rothlauf.

Methodology of economics --- Organization theory --- Production management --- Marketing --- Business management --- Business economics --- financieel management --- management --- marketing --- informatietechnologie