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Objects of nanotechnology such as micro- and nanoparticles are very interesting due to their unique properties. This reprint will be useful to scientists of diverse backgrounds, i.e., material science, organic and inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, and biology.

Technology: general issues --- electropolymerization --- poly(Azure B) --- poly(proflavine) --- DNA sensor --- doxorubicin determination --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- calix[4]arene --- NHC complex --- Suzuki–Miyaura coupling --- DPPC vesicles --- heparin/protamine particles --- hepatocyte --- intravenous injection --- lacZ protein --- nanoparticles --- protein delivery --- self-assembling --- antiviral agent --- nanoparticle --- coronavirus --- viral mechanism of entry --- antiviral mechanism --- therapeutic approaches --- SARS-CoV-2 --- COVID-19 --- polyol synthesis --- rhodium nanoparticles --- surfactants --- role of additives --- morphology control --- toxicity --- bio-imaging --- X-ray fluorescence --- contrast agent --- XFCT --- nanomaterials --- 2D nanostructures --- thiacalix[4]arene --- terpenoids --- geraniol --- X-ray crystal analysis --- 2D monomolecular-layer nanosheets --- polymorphism --- silica --- polystyrene --- maghemite supraparticles --- patchy particles --- seeded-growth emulsion polymerization --- solvent-induced self-assembly --- pillar[5]arene --- tetrazole --- drug delivery systems --- fluorescein --- ceria --- nanorods --- nanosheets --- nanozyme --- biomolecule --- template --- catalysis --- anti-oxidant --- oxygen radicals --- lithium iron phosphate --- hydrothermal synthesis --- heating rate --- morphology --- crystallinity and purity --- polyelectrolyte multilayers --- encapsulation --- calcium carbonate --- drug delivery --- shrinkage --- layered oxides --- perovskites --- bismuth titanates --- exfoliation --- coating --- silver nanoparticles --- AgNPs --- synthesis --- separation --- purification --- n/a --- Suzuki-Miyaura coupling

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This Special Issue of Metals was dedicated to recent advances in low-carbon and stainless steels. Although these types of steels are not new, they are still receiving considerable attention from both research and industry sectors due to their wide range of applications and their complex microstructure and behavior under different conditions. The microstructure of low-carbon and stainless steels resulting from solidification, phase transformation, and hot working is complex, which, in turn, affect their performance under different working conditions. A detailed understanding of the microstructure, properties, and performance for these steels has been the aim of steel scientists for a long time. This Issue received quality papers on different aspects of these steels including their solidification, thermomechanical processing, phase transformation, texture, etc., and their mechanical and corrosion behaviors.

pitting --- sigma phase --- 2205 --- duplex stainless steel --- austenitic stainless steel --- cold deformation --- microstructures --- mechanical properties --- austenite --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- phase transformation --- nucleation --- ferrite --- CCT --- TTT --- incubation --- transformation start --- FAC --- LBE --- turbulent flow --- dissolution --- modelling --- low-carbon AHSS --- Q&amp --- P --- toughness --- precipitation --- martensite packet --- mechanical characterization --- martensitic transformations --- dynamic transformation --- Nb-microalloyed steel --- roughing passes --- hot forming --- multiphase steel --- quenching and partitioning --- austempering --- Gleeble simulation --- press hardening --- martensite --- quenching --- partitioning --- dilatometry --- EBSD-IQ --- fast heating rate --- formation of austenite --- initial microstructure --- PAGS --- transformation behavior --- tensile properties --- metastability --- LCF --- HCF --- VHCF --- ambient and elevated temperatures --- carbon steel --- rotationally accelerated shot peening --- nanocrystalline --- corrosion resistance --- transformation kinetics --- local equilibrium --- para equilibrium --- Cr-rich precipitate --- interphase boundary --- type 430 stainless steel --- HSLA steel --- alloy design --- grain refinement of austenite --- Zener pinning force --- recrystallization --- Niobium Nb

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The performance-based design of structures in fire is gaining growing interest as a rational alternative to the traditionally adopted prescriptive code approach. This interest has led to its introduction in different codes and standards around the world. Although engineers widely use performance-based methods to design structural components in earthquake engineering, the adoption of such methods in fire engineering is still very limited. This Special Issue addresses this shortcoming by providing engineers with the needed knowledge and recent research activities addressing performance-based design in structural fire engineering, including the use of hotspot analysis to estimate the magnitude of risk to people and property in urban areas; simulations of the evacuation of large crowds; and the identification of fire effects on concrete, steel, and special structures.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- fire incidence --- hotspot analysis --- KDE --- Getis-Ord Gi* --- IDW interpolation --- fire risk zones --- built-up areas --- temporal analysis --- sustainable development --- fire --- earthquake --- finite element analysis --- Abaqus --- multi hazard analysis --- Scoria aggregate concrete --- PP fiber --- high temperature --- stress-strain curve --- prefabricated cabin-type substation --- panel --- BP neural network --- thermal–mechanical coupling --- machine learning --- fire behavior --- impact of fires --- repeated impact --- ACI 544-2R --- high temperatures --- ECC --- impact ductility --- oil and gas facility --- offshore platform --- tanker --- steel structure --- bulkhead --- deck --- hydrocarbon fire mode --- fire-resistance limit --- fire protection --- design --- stadiums and arenas --- evacuation time --- safety --- Colosseum --- organizing evacuation --- computer simulation --- City University --- fire temperature --- opening factor --- compartment area --- thermal analysis --- natural fire --- concrete strength --- exposure duration --- maximum temperature --- heating rate --- cooling rate --- reinforced concrete --- columns --- standard fire --- cooling phase --- axial capacity --- temperature-stress history --- fire incidence --- hotspot analysis --- KDE --- Getis-Ord Gi* --- IDW interpolation --- fire risk zones --- built-up areas --- temporal analysis --- sustainable development --- fire --- earthquake --- finite element analysis --- Abaqus --- multi hazard analysis --- Scoria aggregate concrete --- PP fiber --- high temperature --- stress-strain curve --- prefabricated cabin-type substation --- panel --- BP neural network --- thermal–mechanical coupling --- machine learning --- fire behavior --- impact of fires --- repeated impact --- ACI 544-2R --- high temperatures --- ECC --- impact ductility --- oil and gas facility --- offshore platform --- tanker --- steel structure --- bulkhead --- deck --- hydrocarbon fire mode --- fire-resistance limit --- fire protection --- design --- stadiums and arenas --- evacuation time --- safety --- Colosseum --- organizing evacuation --- computer simulation --- City University --- fire temperature --- opening factor --- compartment area --- thermal analysis --- natural fire --- concrete strength --- exposure duration --- maximum temperature --- heating rate --- cooling rate --- reinforced concrete --- columns --- standard fire --- cooling phase --- axial capacity --- temperature-stress history

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This Special Issue of Metals was dedicated to recent advances in low-carbon and stainless steels. Although these types of steels are not new, they are still receiving considerable attention from both research and industry sectors due to their wide range of applications and their complex microstructure and behavior under different conditions. The microstructure of low-carbon and stainless steels resulting from solidification, phase transformation, and hot working is complex, which, in turn, affect their performance under different working conditions. A detailed understanding of the microstructure, properties, and performance for these steels has been the aim of steel scientists for a long time. This Issue received quality papers on different aspects of these steels including their solidification, thermomechanical processing, phase transformation, texture, etc., and their mechanical and corrosion behaviors.

History of engineering & technology --- pitting --- sigma phase --- 2205 --- duplex stainless steel --- austenitic stainless steel --- cold deformation --- microstructures --- mechanical properties --- austenite --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- phase transformation --- nucleation --- ferrite --- CCT --- TTT --- incubation --- transformation start --- FAC --- LBE --- turbulent flow --- dissolution --- modelling --- low-carbon AHSS --- Q&amp --- P --- toughness --- precipitation --- martensite packet --- mechanical characterization --- martensitic transformations --- dynamic transformation --- Nb-microalloyed steel --- roughing passes --- hot forming --- multiphase steel --- quenching and partitioning --- austempering --- Gleeble simulation --- press hardening --- martensite --- quenching --- partitioning --- dilatometry --- EBSD-IQ --- fast heating rate --- formation of austenite --- initial microstructure --- PAGS --- transformation behavior --- tensile properties --- metastability --- LCF --- HCF --- VHCF --- ambient and elevated temperatures --- carbon steel --- rotationally accelerated shot peening --- nanocrystalline --- corrosion resistance --- transformation kinetics --- local equilibrium --- para equilibrium --- Cr-rich precipitate --- interphase boundary --- type 430 stainless steel --- HSLA steel --- alloy design --- grain refinement of austenite --- Zener pinning force --- recrystallization --- Niobium Nb --- pitting --- sigma phase --- 2205 --- duplex stainless steel --- austenitic stainless steel --- cold deformation --- microstructures --- mechanical properties --- austenite --- steel --- thermomechanical processing --- phase transformation --- nucleation --- ferrite --- CCT --- TTT --- incubation --- transformation start --- FAC --- LBE --- turbulent flow --- dissolution --- modelling --- low-carbon AHSS --- Q&amp --- P --- toughness --- precipitation --- martensite packet --- mechanical characterization --- martensitic transformations --- dynamic transformation --- Nb-microalloyed steel --- roughing passes --- hot forming --- multiphase steel --- quenching and partitioning --- austempering --- Gleeble simulation --- press hardening --- martensite --- quenching --- partitioning --- dilatometry --- EBSD-IQ --- fast heating rate --- formation of austenite --- initial microstructure --- PAGS --- transformation behavior --- tensile properties --- metastability --- LCF --- HCF --- VHCF --- ambient and elevated temperatures --- carbon steel --- rotationally accelerated shot peening --- nanocrystalline --- corrosion resistance --- transformation kinetics --- local equilibrium --- para equilibrium --- Cr-rich precipitate --- interphase boundary --- type 430 stainless steel --- HSLA steel --- alloy design --- grain refinement of austenite --- Zener pinning force --- recrystallization --- Niobium Nb