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Senegal has a reputation for having one of the most effective and far-reaching nutritionservice delivery systems in Africa. Chronic malnutrition has dropped to less than 20 percent, oneof the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. The reduction in stunting in particular has been deemed a success in Senegal with the prevalence of child stunting one of the lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa in absolute terms (Nene 2017). This success has at least in part been attributed to broad-based government commitment to nutrition, which has grown from USD 0.3 million per year in 2002 to USD 5.7 million per year in 2015, increasing from approximately 0.02 percent to 0.12 percent of the national budget. Yet concerns remain regarding whether the level of government support for nutrition is sufficient and the degree to which nutrition has been as effectively "mainstreamed" across major line ministries, such as agriculture, education, water and sanitation, socialprotection and health, to support both nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions. Moreover, the nutrition field as a whole is characterized by a myriad of actors (international donors, NGOs, and technical support agencies) whose interventions are not well coordinated, leading to duplications of effort and inefficiencies in the provision of services. A series ofexternal shocks, including food shortages stemming from drought, the global financial crisis, and the instability of prices for local foodstuffs since 2007, has revealed the continued need for additional investment in nutrition and better intersectoral coordination of activities to counter cyclical attention to nutrition and a predominant focus on food insufficiency rather than abroader focus on nutrition. To this end, the government of Senegal, through the CLM, is in the process of drafting the new PSMN to develop a reform agenda for the sector. The PSMN will lay out a framework and timeline for the development of a nutrition financing strategy that will requirespecific analysis of the sector spending and financial basis, linking it to the coverage and quality of nutrition services and assessing the contribution of different sectors and actors to the budget. As part of the Analysis and Perspective: 15 Years of Experience in the Development of Nutrition Policy in Senegal series, the World Bank commissioned this report to elaborate the specific political challenges to and opportunities for further raising the profile ofnutrition on the government's agenda and secure a sustainable effort to reduce maternal and child malnutrition. The nutrition agenda is often prone to political economy challenges when it competes for government support, as the impact of nutritional intervention is neither immediate nor tangible. Though the benefits of proper nutrition are life-long and are foundational to proper growth and development, nutrition can fall by the wayside in policymakers' inevitably shorter-termoutlook. With this in mind, the objective of this report was to identify the policy and political levers that can be used to foster government leadership and galvanize intersectoral coordination that mainstreams nutrition into government policies and programs and effectively, efficiently, and sustainably delivers nutrition interventions in Senegal.

Agriculture --- Decentralization --- Early Child and Children's Health --- Food and Nutrition Policy --- Food Security --- Governance --- Health Policy and Management --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Malnutrition --- National Governance --- Nutrition --- Political Economy --- Political Will --- Politics and Government

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This report analyzes the main reasons or interests that have prevented some recent judicial and legal reforms in Honduras and Bolivia from becoming effective. It focuses on the reasons why criminal justice reforms were unable to put an end to the misuse of pre-trial detention. The report also includes a study of some of the reasons that have prevented criminal procedure code reforms from reducing the perception of impunity prevailing in both countries. With respect to the reforms of judicial selection mechanisms, it focuses on the interests that have prevented the public perception of judicial independence from improving in spite of the implementation of those reforms. The report includes an annex to Section 1, consultations with civil society in Honduras. Section 2 discusses civil and commercial justice in Paraguay. Section 3 discusses vested interests in legal and judicial reform projects in Guyana.

Access to Justice --- Accountability --- Alternative Dispute Resolution --- Audits --- Case Law --- Children and Youth --- Civil Rights --- Civil Society Organizations --- Constitutional Law --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Courts --- Democracies --- Discrimination --- Gangs --- Gender --- Human Rights --- International Cooperation --- International Law --- Judiciary --- Jurisdiction --- Law and Development --- Law Enforcement --- Legislation --- Litigation --- Mediation --- Patronage --- Political Will --- Public Opinion --- Rule of Law --- Sanctions --- Sentencing --- Social Development --- Youth

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This paper looks at the role and design of regulatory reform institutions in developing countries. These institutions are classified into four broad types: 1) regulatory reform units, commonly known in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries as oversight bodies for regulatory reform; 2) high-level committees for regulatory reform, established in some countries to leverage support and take decisions at a high political level; 3) advisory and/or advocacy bodies in charge of proposing improvements to the regulatory system by strengthening coordination and consultation mechanisms and by promoting the regulatory reform agenda; and 4) Ad hoc institutions for regulatory reform, established to launch regulatory reform efforts and to work on a single defined task or activity. This paper is divided into the following sections: section one briefly reviews the theoretical debate and literature about the role of institutions in facilitating higher economic growth, focusing in particular on regulatory institutions and their relevance in developing countries; section two discusses the main features of regulatory reform institutions at the center of government, namely regulatory oversight bodies, high level committees, advocacy and/ or advisory bodies and ad-hoc institutions for regulatory reform; and section three identifies the features of these institutions that are considered to be best practice. Section three also identifies and discusses lessons learned and the implications for establishing and operating such institutions in developing country contexts.

Accountability --- Administrative Procedures --- Administrative Reform --- Advisory Services --- Bureaucracy --- Business Environment --- Business Regulation --- Children and Youth --- Consensus --- Corruption --- Decision Making --- Economic Development --- Good Governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Human Resources --- Investment Climate --- Judiciary --- Local Government --- National Governance --- Political Economy --- Political Instability --- Political Will --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector --- Regulators --- Regulatory Agencies --- Social Development --- Transparency --- Vested Interests --- Violence

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The aim of this study is to convince national and multilateral policy makers of the importance of the public sphere concept for democratic governance and strategic post-conflict assistance planning with the objective of positive and sustainable change in current post-conflict assistance policy and practice. The study introduces the conceptual thinking underlying the public sphere framework and, citing evidence from different countries, highlights its relevance and calls for its application in post-conflict environments. For practitioners the study provides a public sphere assessment toolkit and a toolbox for interventions. It also offers concrete examples and recommendations on how to address the specific governance challenges identified through a public sphere analysis in three countries: Timor-Leste, Liberia and Burundi.

Accountability --- Administrative Reform --- Brain Drain --- Capacity Building --- Civil Rights --- Civil Society --- Civil Society Organizations --- Community Development and Empowerment --- Conflict and Development --- Constituencies --- Corruption --- Corruption & anticorruption Law --- Crime --- Decentralization --- Decision Making --- Elections --- Ethics --- Good Governance --- Governance --- Human Capital --- Human Resources --- Human Rights --- Informal Sector --- Judicial Reform --- Judiciary --- Law and Development --- Legal Framework --- Legislation --- Legislative Process --- Market Economy --- National Governance --- National Security --- Political Institutions --- Political Parties --- Political Will --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Public Finance --- Public Hearings --- Public officials --- Public Policy --- Public Sector --- Refugees --- Respect --- Rule of Law --- Social Development --- Technical Training --- Transparency --- Trauma --- Treaties --- Violence --- Voting --- Youth

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The United States Supreme Court closed the courthouse door to federal litigation to narrow educational funding and opportunity gaps in schools when it ruled in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez in 1973 that the Constitution does not guarantee a right to education. Rodriguez pushed reformers back to the state courts where they have had some success in securing reforms to school funding systems through education and equal protection clauses in state constitutions, but far less success in changing the basic structure of school funding in ways that would ensure access to equitable and adequate funding for schools. Given the limitations of state school funding litigation, education reformers continue to seek new avenues to remedy inequitable disparities in educational opportunity and achievement, including recently returning to federal court. 0This book is the first comprehensive examination of three issues regarding a federal right to education: why federal intervention is needed to close educational opportunity and achievement gaps; the constitutional and statutory legal avenues that could be employed to guarantee a federal right to education; and, the scope of what a federal right to education should guarantee. 'A Federal Right to Education' provides a timely and thoughtful analysis of how the United States could fulfill its unmet promise to provide equal educational opportunity and the American Dream to every child, regardless of race, class, language proficiency, or neighborhood.

Right to education --- Educational equalization --- Law and legislation --- Right to learn --- Civil rights --- Education, Compulsory --- Education and state --- Educational law and legislation --- American dream. --- Constitution. --- Education Amendment. --- Latinas. --- Latinos. --- Spending Clause. --- Supreme Court. --- achievement gap. --- achievement gaps. --- adequacy litigation. --- adequate education. --- at-risk students. --- civic participation. --- constitutional amendment. --- constitutional interpretation. --- criminal justice. --- education federalism. --- education inadequacies. --- education inequality. --- educational opportunity gaps. --- educational opportunity. --- equal access to an excellent education. --- equal citizenship. --- equal education. --- equal educational opportunity. --- equal liberty. --- equal opportunity. --- equal protection. --- evidence-based reforms. --- excellent and equitable educational opportunity. --- federal education legislation. --- federal government. --- federal right to education. --- federal role in education. --- fiscal capacity. --- high-quality education. --- just society. --- libertystate constitutional rights. --- opportunity gap. --- opportunity gaps. --- opportunity to compete. --- originalism. --- political will. --- privileges and immunities. --- right to education. --- segregation. --- sovereignty. --- state constitutions. --- state courts. --- state education chiefs. --- state fiscal equity litigation. --- state legislatures. --- state school finance litigation. --- substantive due process.