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La vaccination a permis d'éradiquer de nombreuses maladies infectieuses à travers le monde. La plupart des administrations de vaccins se font par voie parentérale. Cependant celle-ci présente plusieurs inconvénients tels que le risque de contamination, les coûts d'infrastructure nécessaire à l'injection, la peur de l'aiguille et d'autres qui diminuent l‘accessibilité à cette protection sauvant de nombreuses personnes chaque année.L'intérêt d'une vaccination par voie orale est facilement compréhensible, d'autant plus que cette voie d'administration a déjà fait ses preuves dans la prévention contre la poliomyéliteparalysante.La vaccination par voie orale est possible à condition que l'antigène constituant le vaccin accède intact au structures immunitaires du tube digestif, les follicules lymphoïdes. Ava nt cela, l'antigène devra passer à travers les différents pH et les enzymes du tube digestif. Ensuite il devra traverser le mucus puis l'épithélium intestinal. Ces conditions seront remplies si l'antigène est protégé dans une particule polymérique qui lui servira de vecteur . Le but de ce mémoire est de développer des particules d'une taille proche de 200nm. Celles­ ci possèdent des propriétés de bioadhésion utiles pour augmenter le temps de contact avec l'épithélium. Ces nanoparticules sont stables dans les différents types de milieux rencontrés, elles encapsulent un antigène protéique type,l'ovalbumine. Nous avons évalué le transport de ces nanoparticules par l'épithélium intestinal associé aux follicules (FAE) lymphoïde via une étude in vitro sur inserts et n'avons constaté aucune différence entre le transport par le modèle de FAE et les cellules Caco-2. Notre formulation a également été testée in vivo, nous avons évalué l'efficacité de l'immunisation via un dosage des immunoglobulines dans le sérum ainsi que grâce à la culture des splénocytes et l'étude de leur production de cytokines. Nous avons ainsi pu caractériser le type de réponse immunitaire induite par notre vaccin. Celle-ci peut se définir comme une balance entre les activités Thelper 1et Thelper2 avec une plus grande activité Thelper 2. Finalement, nous avons mis au point une formulation capable d'induire une réponse immunitaire par voie orale, cependant des études ultérieures sont nécessaires afin d'améliorer l'efficacité du vaccin oral. Vaccination eradicated many infectious diseases worldwide.Most of vaccines are injected in blood vessel or muscle. Nevertheless this route of administration has several drawbacks such as the risk of disease propagation, the direct infrastructure and additional costs due to injection and fear for the needle. These obstacles are decreasing the access of this protective shield that could save millions of people each year. The need for oral vaccination is easily understandable, especially as it has already proved itself to be efficient in prevention against paralyzing poliomyelitis oral vaccination is possible provided that the antigen component of the vaccine could reach the immune system safely. Therefore the antigen shall cross the digestive tract's pH and enzymes. Then it must pass through the mucus and intestinal epithelium. This is possible if the antigen is protected into a polymeric structure which will act as a vector. The aim of this study was to develop particles with bio adhesion characteristics and with a diameter of around 200 nm. These nanoparticles are stab le in the miscellaneous types of medium crossed and are encapsulating a mode! protein antigen, ovalbumin. We have assessed the transport of these particles by the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) via an in vitro study and we haven't noticed any difference between the FAE model and Caco-2 cells. Our formulation has also been tested in vivo and we evaluated the immunisation effectiveness v ia the assaying of the lgG in the serum and the dosing of the cytokines production by the splenocytes. We could then define the kind of response our oral vaccine can elicit. This response can be defined as a balance between the activity of Thelper land Thelper 2. lt is the Thelper 2 raction that is the strongest. Finally, we could set up a formulation able to induce an immune response when administered by oral route.Thought further studies would be useful in order to improve the oral vaccine efficacy.

Magnetite Nanoparticles --- Vaccination

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Magnetic Ferrites and Related Nanocomposites covers recent trends of various types of ferrite nanocomposites and evaluating the mechanisms for interpreting static and dynamic magnetic properties. Sections cover the fundamentals of magnetism, introducing different kinds of ferrites, ferrite characterization techniques, magneto-electric ferrite nanocomposites, exchange spring ferrite nanocomposites, shielding effectiveness and microwave absorption characteristics of ferrite-carbon materials, photocatalytic application of ferrite nanocomposites, and novel synthesis techniques for fabricating ferrite in nanoparticles, bulks, thin films, and nanofiber configurations.

Nanocomposites (Materials) --- Ferrites (Magnetic materials) --- Magnetic properties. --- Ferrates --- Gyrators --- Iron compounds --- Magnetic materials --- Nanocomposite materials --- Nanostructured composite materials --- Nanostructured composites --- Composite materials --- Nanostructured materials --- Magnetite Nanoparticles --- Magnets

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In this book, cancer theranostics applications of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are overviewed in detail. Moreover, their synthesis, characterization, multifunctionality, disease targeting, biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity have been briefly highlighted. Finally, we have mentioned the current examples of clinical trials of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics, along with their future scopes and challenges. Part of IOP Series in Photomedicine and Biophotonics

Cancer --- Cancer --- Nanostructured materials --- Nanostructured materials --- Biomedical engineering. --- Neoplasms --- Neoplasms --- Magnetite Nanoparticles --- Nanostructures --- Biosensing Techniques. --- Nursing specialties. --- MEDICAL / Nursing / Oncology & Cancer. --- Diagnosis. --- Treatment. --- Magnetic properties. --- Therapeutic use. --- therapy. --- diagnosis. --- therapeutic use. --- therapeutic use.

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This book collects the peer-reviewed contributions accepted for the publication in the Special Issue “Advances in In Situ Biological and Chemical Groundwater Treatment” of the MDPI journal Water. As such, the contributions refer to a variety of widespread pollutants (chlorinated ethenes, chlorinated phenols, chromium, copper, nickel, and arsenic phenols) and new remediation approaches (bioremediation, bioelectrochemical systems, and sorption), covering lab and field studies.

Research & information: general --- microplastic --- bioplastic --- chlorinated phenols --- sorption --- kinetics --- matrix effect --- arsenic --- phosphate --- competitive surface complexes --- release --- mobility --- remediation --- magnetite nanoparticles --- onion peel --- corn silk --- adsorption --- groundwater --- chlorinated solvents --- biological reductive dechlorination --- aerobic oxidation --- qPCR --- ethenotrophs --- methanotrophs --- bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) --- hexavalent chromium --- electrobioremediation --- groundwater treatment --- heavy metals --- carbon nanotubes --- adsorption mechanism

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Developing new materials is usually a time-demanding and meticulous process, but at the same time, it is one of the more promising solutions to obtain a cleaner, safer, and smart future. More in detail, referring to nanomaterials, an increasingly successfully tool of nanotechnologies, nanoparticles are categorized as materials in which at least one dimension is less than 100 nm in diameter. Among the various nanoparticles’ categories, metal and metal oxides nanoparticles stand as an emerging nanotechnological solution for a wide range of biological and medical physio/pathological open questions. This Special Issue covers the fundamental science, design, characterization, and biomedical applications of metal and metal oxide nanomaterials. The articles here presented will embrace all the aspects determining the performance of these systems, ranging from their synthesis, design, chemical, physical, and biological functionalization, to their characterization and successful applications.

mesoporous zinc oxide --- polyHEMA --- hydrogel --- drug-eluting stent --- pH-triggered drug release --- self-assembly --- nanoshells (hollow spheres) --- janus particles --- pickering emulsion --- bismuth oxide --- nanoparticles --- radiopacity --- chemotherapy --- theragnostic --- metal nanoparticles --- iron oxide nanoparticles --- silver nanoparticles --- gold nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide nanoparticles --- zinc nanoparticles --- reactive oxygen species --- photodynamic therapy --- photothermal therapy --- sonodynamic therapy --- magnetite nanoparticles --- magnetic nanoparticles --- immobilization --- protein --- polymer coating --- n/a