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Public administration --- Africa --- Civil service --- Fonction publique --- Administration publique (Science) --- 35.07 <6> --- Africa, Northern --- Politics and government. --- African Public Administration - Occidental Politics. --- Africa, French-speaking --- Francophone Africa --- French-speaking Africa

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The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual examines the issues with which the contemporary African intellectual engages, the fields s/he occupies, her/his residence and perspective, and her/his relations with the State and the people. In an increasingly economically deprived Africa, in which some states are ruled by dictators, what chances do people have of becoming intellectuals, using their critical faculties to challenge hegemony, enacting the transformative power of ideas in a public forum? Do intellectuals who remain in Africa run the risk of being swallowed into a vortex of hagiog

Intellectuals --- Intelligentsia --- Persons --- Social classes --- Specialists --- Africa, French-speaking --- Rwanda --- France --- Francophone Africa --- French-speaking Africa --- Intellectual life. --- History --- Colonies --- E-books --- African American intellectuals. --- Afro-American intellectuals --- Intellectuals, African American --- African Americans --- Intellectual life

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Léopold Sédar Senghor, Yambo Ouologuem ou Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, le prix Goncourt 2021, sont-ils des aliénés ? Méritent-ils cet opprobre originel jeté sur certains intellectuels africains conduisant à leur disqualification ? Dans le contexte actuel de promotion des pensées décoloniale et postcoloniale, entre querelles fratricides et surenchère identitaire, un long malaise persiste dans les relations entre les écrivains et artistes africains et l'ancienne puissance coloniale, notamment française. À rebours des thèses les plus établies, l'auteur balaye plus d'un demi-siècle d'histoire des idées et de textes fondateurs en Afrique, pointant les excommunications, dénonçant la confiscation de tout débat pluriel et le dévoiement du processus de décolonisation. Il souligne la nature profonde de la blessure : la présence au cœur même de la prétention dé coloniale actuelle du système colonial, et une relégation perpétuelle à la réaction plaintive. Un essai roboratif pour assumer l'histoire commune, sans absolution ni obsession, et pour se défaire du poids mortifère du ressassement.

Postcolonialisme -- Afrique --- Décolonialité -- Afrique --- Relations -- Afrique francophone -- France --- Colonialisme --- Afrique --- Decolonization --- Postcolonialism --- Decolonization. --- Intellectual life. --- International relations. --- Postcolonialism. --- Africa, French-speaking --- France --- France. --- French-speaking Africa. --- Relations --- Africa, French-speaking.

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Animal Husbandry --- Ruminants. --- Sheep. --- 636.3 --- 636.084 --- 636.082 --- 636.09 --- Ruminants --- -Ruminants --- -Sheep --- -Domestic sheep --- Ovis aries --- Red sheep --- Livestock --- Ovis --- Shepherds --- Wool --- Ruminant mammals --- Ruminantia --- Artiodactyla --- Dall Sheep --- Ovis dalli --- Sheep, Dall --- Oreamnos americanus --- Goats, Mountain --- Goat, Mountain --- Mountain Goat --- Mountain Goats --- Ruminant --- methods. --- Small ruminants. Sheep. Goats --- Feeding of animals --- Breeding of animals. Practical breeding. Genetic aspects --- Enemies and pests of domestic animals, and their control. Zootechnical, protective measures --- Congresses --- Africa, Northern. --- Middle East. --- Gaza Strip (Palestine) --- Arab Countries --- Gaza Strip --- Near East --- West Bank --- Africa, French-Speaking --- French Speaking Africa --- Maghrib --- North Africa --- Northern Africa --- French-Speaking Africa --- Maghreb --- Sahara --- Sheep --- Congresses. --- -methods. --- 636.09 Enemies and pests of domestic animals, and their control. Zootechnical, protective measures --- 636.082 Breeding of animals. Practical breeding. Genetic aspects --- 636.084 Feeding of animals --- 636.3 Small ruminants. Sheep. Goats --- -636.09 Enemies and pests of domestic animals, and their control. Zootechnical, protective measures --- Domestic sheep --- methods

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During the 1980s and early 1990s many Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries undertook reforms to promote financial sector deepening. Nevertheless, financial sectors in SSA countries remain among the shallowest in the world and, within Sub-Saharan Africa, financial depth in the CFA franc zone is even more limited. This paper sets out to investigate empirically factors that may explain why financial depth in the CFA franc zone is shallower than in the rest of SSA using panel data for a sample of 40 countries for 1992-2006. The results indicate that the gap in financial development between the CFA franc zone countries and the rest of SSA can be explained by differences in institutional quality (e.g., availability of credit information, and strength and enforcement of property rights), variables that policy makers can influence.

Finance --- Business & Economics --- International Finance --- Africa, French-speaking --- Economic policy. --- Funding --- Funds --- Francophone Africa --- French-speaking Africa --- Economics --- Currency question --- Finance: General --- Money and Monetary Policy --- Public Finance --- Industries: Financial Services --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Public finance & taxation --- Monetary economics --- Financial sector development --- Legal support in revenue administration --- Credit --- Financial sector --- Credit registry --- Financial services industry --- Revenue --- Credit ratings --- Central African Republic