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Data are not only ubiquitous in society, but are increasingly complex both in size and dimensionality. Dimension reduction offers researchers and scholars the ability to make such complex, high dimensional data spaces simpler and more manageable. This Element offers readers a suite of modern unsupervised dimension reduction techniques along with hundreds of lines of R code, to efficiently represent the original high dimensional data space in a simplified, lower dimensional subspace. Launching from the earliest dimension reduction technique principal components analysis and using real social science data, I introduce and walk readers through application of the following techniques: locally linear embedding, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), uniform manifold approximation and projection, self-organizing maps, and deep autoencoders. The result is a well-stocked toolbox of unsupervised algorithms for tackling the complexities of high dimensional data so common in modern society. All code is publicly accessible on Github.
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High performance computing. --- Proteins --- Dimension reduction (Statistics) --- Data sets --- Conformation. --- Data processing.
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Dimensionality reduction, also known as manifold learning, is an area of machine learning used for extracting informative features from data for better representation of data or separation between classes. This book presents a cohesive review of linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction and manifold learning. Three main aspects of dimensionality reduction are covered: spectral dimensionality reduction, probabilistic dimensionality reduction, and neural network-based dimensionality reduction, which have geometric, probabilistic, and information-theoretic points of view to dimensionality reduction, respectively. The necessary background and preliminaries on linear algebra, optimization, and kernels are also explained to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the algorithms. The tools introduced in this book can be applied to various applications involving feature extraction, image processing, computer vision, and signal processing. This book is applicable to a wide audience who would like to acquire a deep understanding of the various ways to extract, transform, and understand the structure of data. The intended audiences are academics, students, and industry professionals. Academic researchers and students can use this book as a textbook for machine learning and dimensionality reduction. Data scientists, machine learning scientists, computer vision scientists, and computer scientists can use this book as a reference. It can also be helpful to statisticians in the field of statistical learning and applied mathematicians in the fields of manifolds and subspace analysis. Industry professionals, including applied engineers, data engineers, and engineers in various fields of science dealing with machine learning, can use this as a guidebook for feature extraction from their data, as the raw data in industry often require preprocessing. The book is grounded in theory but provides thorough explanations and diverse examples to improve the reader’s comprehension of the advanced topics. Advanced methods are explained in a step-by-step manner so that readers of all levels can follow the reasoning and come to a deep understanding of the concepts. This book does not assume advanced theoretical background in machine learning and provides necessary background, although an undergraduate-level background in linear algebra and calculus is recommended.
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This book is devoted to a novel approach for dimensionality reduction based on the famous nearest neighbor method that is a powerful classification and regression approach. It starts with an introduction to machine learning concepts and a real-world application from the energy domain. Then, unsupervised nearest neighbors (UNN) is introduced as efficient iterative method for dimensionality reduction. Various UNN models are developed step by step, reaching from a simple iterative strategy for discrete latent spaces to a stochastic kernel-based algorithm for learning submanifolds with independent parameterizations. Extensions that allow the embedding of incomplete and noisy patterns are introduced. Various optimization approaches are compared, from evolutionary to swarm-based heuristics. Experimental comparisons to related methodologies taking into account artificial test data sets and also real-world data demonstrate the behavior of UNN in practical scenarios. The book contains numerous color figures to illustrate the introduced concepts and to highlight the experimental results. .
Data mining. --- Dimension reduction (Statistics). --- Nearest neighbor analysis (Statistics). --- Regression analysis -- Mathematical models. --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Mathematics --- Civil Engineering --- Dimensions. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Engineering. --- Operations research. --- Decision making. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Operation Research/Decision Theory. --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Mathematics --- Decision making --- Database searching --- Units of measurement --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Operations Research/Decision Theory. --- Nearest neighbor analysis (Statistics) --- Dimension reduction (Statistics) --- Regression analysis --- Mathematical models.
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This book describes for the first time a simulation method for the fast calculation of contact properties and friction between rough surfaces in a complete form. In contrast to existing simulation methods, the method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) is based on the exact mapping of various types of three-dimensional contact problems onto contacts of one-dimensional foundations. Within the confines of MDR, not only are three dimensional systems reduced to one-dimensional, but also the resulting degrees of freedom are independent from another. Therefore, MDR results in an enormous reduction of the development time for the numerical implementation of contact problems as well as the direct computation time and can ultimately assume a similar role in tribology as FEM has in structure mechanics or CFD methods, in hydrodynamics. Furthermore, it substantially simplifies analytical calculation and presents a sort of “pocket book edition” of the entirety contact mechanics. Measurements of the rheology of bodies in contact as well as their surface topography and adhesive properties are the inputs of the calculations. In particular, it is possible to capture the entire dynamics of a system – beginning with the macroscopic, dynamic contact calculation all the way down to the influence of roughness – in a single numerical simulation model. Accordingly, MDR allows for the unification of the methods of solving contact problems on different scales. The goals of this book are on the one hand, to prove the applicability and reliability of the method and on the other hand, to explain its extremely simple application to those interested.
Engineering. --- Continuum Mechanics and Mechanics of Materials. --- Operating Procedures, Materials Treatment. --- Engineering Design. --- Appl.Mathematics/Computational Methods of Engineering. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Materials. --- Engineering design. --- Structural control (Engineering). --- Ingénierie --- Mathématiques de l'ingénieur --- Matériaux --- Conception technique --- Contrôle des structures (Ingénierie) --- Contact mechanics. --- Dimension reduction (Statistics). --- Friction. --- Surface roughness -- Measurement -- Methodology. --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Applied Mathematics --- Materials Science --- Contact problems (Mechanics) --- Mechanics, Contact --- Applied mathematics. --- Continuum mechanics. --- Industrial engineering. --- Mechanics --- Bearings (Machinery) --- Tribology --- Mechanics, Applied --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Manufactures. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Manufacturing, Machines, Tools, Processes. --- Mathematical and Computational Engineering. --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Design, Engineering --- Industrial design --- Strains and stresses --- Manufactured goods --- Manufactured products --- Products --- Products, Manufactured --- Commercial products --- Manufacturing industries --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Mathematics --- Design
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The last few years have seen a great increase in the amount of data available to scientists. Datasets with millions of objects and hundreds, if not thousands of measurements are now commonplace in many disciplines. However, many of the computational techniques used to analyse this data cannot cope with such large datasets. Therefore, strategies need to be employed as a pre-processing step to reduce the number of objects, or measurements, whilst retaining important information inherent to the data. Spectral dimensionality reduction is one such family of methods that has proven to be an indispensable tool in the data processing pipeline. In recent years the area has gained much attention thanks to the development of nonlinear spectral dimensionality reduction methods, often referred to as manifold learning algorithms. Numerous algorithms and improvements have been proposed for the purpose of performing spectral dimensionality reduction, yet there is still no gold standard technique. Those wishing to use spectral dimensionality reduction without prior knowledge of the field will immediately be confronted with questions that need answering: What parameter values to use? How many dimensions should the data be embedded into? How are new data points incorporated? What about large-scale data? For many, a search of the literature to find answers to these questions is impractical, as such, there is a need for a concise discussion into the problems themselves, how they affect spectral dimensionality reduction, and how these problems can be overcome. This book provides a survey and reference aimed at advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers, scientists, and engineers in a wide range of disciplines. Dimensionality reduction has proven useful in a wide range of problem domains and so this book will be applicable to anyone with a solid grounding in statistics and computer science seeking to apply spectral dimensionality to their work.
Database management. --- Dimension reduction (Statistics) --- Dimensional analysis. --- Dimensionality reduction (Statistics) --- Reduction, Dimension (Statistics) --- Reduction, Dimensionality (Statistics) --- Computer science. --- Data structures (Computer science). --- Algorithms. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Image processing. --- Computer Science. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Data Structures. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Image Processing and Computer Vision. --- Statistics --- Physical measurements --- Data structures (Computer scienc. --- Computer software. --- Computer vision. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Machine vision --- Vision, Computer --- Artificial intelligence --- Image processing --- Pattern recognition systems --- Software, Computer --- Computer systems --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Data structures (Computer science) --- Information structures (Computer science) --- Structures, Data (Computer science) --- Structures, Information (Computer science) --- File organization (Computer science) --- Abstract data types (Computer science) --- Optical data processing. --- Optical computing --- Visual data processing --- Integrated optics --- Photonics --- Computers --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Optical equipment --- Foundations --- Computer science --- Mathematics.
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"Geometric Structure of High-Dimensional Data and Dimensionality Reduction" adopts data geometry as a framework to address various methods of dimensionality reduction. In addition to the introduction to well-known linear methods, the book moreover stresses the recently developed nonlinear methods and introduces the applications of dimensionality reduction in many areas, such as face recognition, image segmentation, data classification, data visualization, and hyperspectral imagery data analysis. Numerous tables and graphs are included to illustrate the ideas, effects, and shortcomings of the methods. MATLAB code of all dimensionality reduction algorithms is provided to aid the readers with the implementations on computers. The book will be useful for mathematicians, statisticians, computer scientists, and data analysts. It is also a valuable handbook for other practitioners who have a basic background in mathematics, statistics and/or computer algorithms, like internet search engine designers, physicists, geologists, electronic engineers, and economists. Jianzhong Wang is a Professor of Mathematics at Sam Houston State University, U.S.A.
Pattern perception. --- Dimension reduction (Statistics) --- Computational complexity. --- Visualization. --- Dimensionality reduction (Statistics) --- Reduction, Dimension (Statistics) --- Reduction, Dimensionality (Statistics) --- Computer science. --- Data structures (Computer science). --- Mathematical statistics. --- Data mining. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Computer Science. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Probability and Statistics in Computer Science. --- Applications of Mathematics. --- Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory. --- Complexity, Computational --- Electronic data processing --- Machine theory --- Design perception --- Pattern recognition --- Form perception --- Perception --- Figure-ground perception --- Visualisation --- Imagery (Psychology) --- Imagination --- Visual perception --- Statistics --- Mathematics. --- Data structures (Computer scienc. --- Data Structures and Information Theory. --- Math --- Science --- Informatics --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- Information structures (Computer science) --- Structures, Data (Computer science) --- Structures, Information (Computer science) --- File organization (Computer science) --- Abstract data types (Computer science) --- Engineering --- Engineering analysis --- Mathematical analysis --- Mathematics --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Statistical methods
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