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Christian spirituality --- Historical linguistics --- Guilelmus of Saint Theodor --- Rolle, Richard

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LITTERATURE CHRETIENNE ANGLAISE --- LITTERATURE CHRETIENNE LATINE --- LITTERATURE ANGLAISE --- FEMMES --- FEMMES ET LITTERATURE --- HAGIOGRAPHIE CHRETIENNE --- VIE RELIGIEUSE ET MONASTIQUE DANS LA LITTERATURE --- RELIGION DANS LA LITTERATURE --- HISTOIRE ET CRITIQUE --- FEMMES ECRIVAINS --- VIE RELIGIEUSE --- ANGLETERRE --- JUSQUE 1500 --- GRANDE-BRETAGNE --- MOYEN AGE

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Christian dogmatics --- Christian spirituality

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The contributions to this volume are organised in a way that bear out the vitality of translation activity in the medieval period and the resourcefulness of modern scholarship in addressing the phenomenon of translation at large. No other period relies so heavily on this literary process to construct its cultural identity. Translations from Latin into the vernacular, or from one vernacular into another, or even from a vernacular into the Latin language, are just a few of the many forms medieval translation can take. The codification of the translation process as appropriation, transformation, or accommodation does not sufficiently emphasize the overarching curiosity and interest that motivates any translation activity. Rather, preceding the stages of appropriation and re-interpretation, it is positive inquisitiveness and openness towards linguistic and cultural difference that generate the production of a new text and the transference of culture from one sphere to another. It is that positive inquisitiveness which this volume emphasizes.The volume initially addresses the way in which translators dealt with texts from the early medieval period. It then considers the phenomenon of bilingualism and the privileged relationship that England held with the continent, especially the Italian and French literary traditions. The third part of this volume tackles the problem of fifteenth-century religious translation in England and, to a lesser extent, France, and complicates it by showing its inevitable political implications. Understood more particularly as an act of cultural transfer, translation activity can also be considered beyond the linguistic process. The fourth part of the volume deals with several instances of translations from one genre into another, and from one media into another. The contributions also point to new ways of considering the literary process of translation, and by praising diversity and difference, they suggest a less traumatic way of reading Babel than is usually implied. Les communications présentées dans ce volume témoignent, par leur agencement, de la vitalité de l’activité de traducteur au cours de la période médiévale, ainsi que de l’inventivité de la recherche actuelle dans l’étude de la traduction en général. Aucune autre période ne semble autant dépendre de ce procédé littéraire pour la construction de son identité culturelle. Les traductions du latin vers une langue vernaculaire, ou d’une langue vernaculaire vers une autre, ou encore d’une langue vernaculaire vers le latin, constituent quelques-unes des nombreuses formes de la traduction au Moyen Âge. La codification du processus de traduction en tant qu’appropriation, transformation ou accommodation, fait insuffisamment ressortir le rôle essentiel de la curiosité et de l’intérêt qui sont à l’origine de tout acte de traduction. C’est cette curiosité positive que le présent volume cherche à mettre en valeur.Il aborde tout d’abord une étude de la traduction de textes du haut Moyen Âge. Il considère ensuite le phénomène du bilinguisme et la relation privilégiée que l’Angleterre entretient avec le continent, en particulier avec les traditions littéraires française et italienne. Une troisième partie, consacrée à la traduction des textes religieux au quinzième siècle en Angleterre, et dans une moindre mesure en France, met en évidence la dimension politique de l’activité de traduction à cette période. Considérée principalement comme transfert culturel, la traduction peut en effet être abordée au-delà de sa dimension purement linguistique. Une quatrième partie présente plusieurs exemples de traduction d’un genre littéraire vers un autre, d’un média vers un autre. Les communications proposées dans ce volume illustrent également des manières nouvelles d’aborder l’entreprise essentiellement littéraire de la traduction. Tout en faisant l’éloge de la diversité et de la différence, elles suggèreront une lecture de l’épisode de Babel moins traumatisante que ce qui en est généralement retenu.

Theory of literary translation --- anno 500-1499 --- Translating and interpreting --- Literature, Medieval --- Traduction et interprétation --- Littérature médiévale --- History --- Congresses. --- History and criticism --- Histoire --- Congrès --- Histoire et critique --- Traduction et interprétation --- Littérature médiévale --- Congrès

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Examining the reform process of the old age pension system in Russia, from its Soviet origins to the Putin era, Shocking Mother Russia adds significantly to the growing body of literature on comparative social policy and the political challenges of pension reform. Andrea Chandler explains why Russia's old-age pension system went into decline after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, even though it was a prominent issue in the political arena at the outset of the post-communist transition. While tracing the roots of the system's difficulties to the Soviet Union's first efforts to establish a national social welfare system after 1917, Chandler nonetheless devotes the bulk of her study to the period from 1990 to 2001. While political factors impeded reform for much of this eleven-year period, ultimately Russia's striking policy reversals provide a case study for developing nations. In 1990, a new Russian pension law was adopted during the Soviet reform process of perestroika. The system was again significantly altered in 2001 when a market-reform-oriented package of pension legislation was passed. Shocking Mother Russia places the Russian experience in comparative perspective, and suggests lessons for pension reform derived from analysis of the Russian case.

Old age pensions --- Democratization --- Social rights --- Socio-economic rights --- Socioeconomic rights --- Human rights --- Basic needs --- Employees --- OASI (Old age and survivors insurance) --- Old age and survivors insurance --- Older people --- Retirement pensions --- Survivors' benefits (Old age pensions) --- Pensions --- Law and legislation --- Kempe, Margery, --- Russia (Federation) --- Politics and government