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Ki emerged first and is the thread that runs through the millennia of Chinese philosophy. Ri was added later in Sung times and, together, ki and ri became the mainstay and core of Chinese beliefs in Sun (960-1279), Ming (1279-1644) and Ch'ing (1644-1911) times. In this remarkable and inspirational study, researched over many years, the author takes the view that ki can profitably be compared with European philosophy. In China, the ki thread appears as an original 'primal ki' ( genki ), which is the source of all things and affairs. The search is for the whole. In Greece, and later in Europe, the thinking goes in the opposite direction: it searches for the exact truth in the independent units of the cosmos, the atoms, the truth being found in the part. The study has three separate but interrelated parts. Part I delineates the ki and ri philosophy as it developed in China; Part II presents Confucian study and learning in Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868); Part III finishes with conclusions about things East and West and the situation in today's world. From Taoism to Einstein will have wide appeal to students of Eastern religion and philosophy, as well as students of East Asian history and political science, and Chinese and Japanese studies in general.

Philosophy, Japanese --- Philosophy, Chinese --- Philosophy, Confucian --- Qi (Chinese philosophy) --- History --- Japan --- Civilization.

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Portuguese --- Weapons --- Portugais --- Armes --- History --- Sources --- Histoire --- Japan --- Japon --- Civilization --- Western influences. --- Religion --- Civilisation --- Influence occidentale --- J3352 --- J4813.73 --- J4810.50 --- J4888.10 --- J7018.80 --- J4880.50 --- Japan: History -- Chūsei -- Muromachi period -- Warring States period, Sengoku (1467-1558) --- Japan: International politics and law -- international relations, policy and security -- Europe -- Portugal --- Japan: International politics and law -- international relations, policy and security -- Muromachi, Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods (1392-1615) --- Japan: Defense and military -- arms, weaponry --- Japan: Natural sciences and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- military science --- Japan: Defense and mlitary -- history -- Muromachi, Ashikaga, Sengoku and Azuchi-Momoyama periods (1392-1615) --- Japan: Science and technology -- Rangaku and yōgaku -- military science