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Business logistics. --- Business logistics --- Data processing. --- Supply chain management --- Industrial management --- Logistics

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This paper evaluates the impact of economic regulation on infrastructure sector outcomes. It tests the impact of regulation from three different angles: aligning costs with tariffs and firm profitability; reducing opportunistic renegotiation; and measuring the effects on productivity, quality of service, coverage, and prices. The analysis uses an extensive data set of about 1,000 infrastructure concessions granted in Latin America from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. The analysis finds that as the theory indicates, regulation matters. The empirical work here reported shows that in three relevant economic aspects-aligning costs and tariffs; dissuading renegotiations; and improving productivity, quality of service, coverage, and tariffs-the structure, institutions, and procedures of regulation matter. Thus, significant efforts should continue to be made to improve the structure, quality, and institutionality of regulation. Regulation matters for protecting both consumers and investors, for aligning closely financial returns and the costs of capital, and for capturing higher levels of benefits from the provision of infrastructure services by the private sector.

Debt Markets --- Developing economies --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial returns --- Gross domestic product --- Infrastructure Economics --- Infrastructure Economics and Finance --- Infrastructure projects --- Infrastructure Regulation --- Private infrastructure --- Private investment --- Private investments --- Private Participation in Infrastructure --- Private Sector Development --- Privatization --- Regulatory frameworks --- Sustainable Development

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This article evaluates the effect of the overdraft facility (or line of credit) policy by comparing a large sample of overdraft facilitated firms and matched non-overdraft facilitated firms from Eastern Europe at the sector level. The sample firms are compared with respect to rates of different performance indicators including: technical efficiency (a Data Envelopment Analysis approach is applied to estimate the technical efficiency level for individual sectors), production workers trained, expenditures on research and development, and export activity. In order to avoid the selectivity problem, propensity score matching methodologies are adopted. The results suggest that a certain level of overdraft facility provided to firms would be needed to stimulate investment in research and development, which will eventually result in increased growth in productivity.

Access to Finance --- Bootstrapping --- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Labor Policies --- Overdraft Facility Policy --- Private Sector Development --- Propensity Score Matching --- Technical Efficiency

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This article evaluates the effect of the overdraft facility (or line of credit) policy by comparing a large sample of overdraft facilitated firms and matched non-overdraft facilitated firms from Eastern Europe at the sector level. The sample firms are compared with respect to rates of different performance indicators including: technical efficiency (a Data Envelopment Analysis approach is applied to estimate the technical efficiency level for individual sectors), production workers trained, expenditures on research and development, and export activity. In order to avoid the selectivity problem, propensity score matching methodologies are adopted. The results suggest that a certain level of overdraft facility provided to firms would be needed to stimulate investment in research and development, which will eventually result in increased growth in productivity.

Access to Finance --- Bootstrapping --- Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Labor Policies --- Overdraft Facility Policy --- Private Sector Development --- Propensity Score Matching --- Technical Efficiency

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Access to basic infrastructure services - roads, electricity, water, sanitation - and the efficient provision of the services, is a key challenge in the fight against poverty. Many of the poor (and particularly the extreme poor) in rural communities in Latin America live on average 5 kilometers or more from the nearest paved road, which is almost twice as far as non-poor rural households. There have been major improvements in access to water, sanitation, electricity, telecommunications, ports, and airports, but road coverage has not changed much, although some effort and resources have been invested to improve the quality of road networks. This paper focuses on the main determinants of logistics costs and physical access to services and, whenever possible, provides evidence of the effects of these determinants on competitiveness, growth, and poverty in Latin American economies. The analysis shows the impact of improving infrastructure and logistics costs on three fronts - macro (growth), micro (productivity at the firm level), and poverty (the earnings of poor/rural people). In addition, the paper provides recommendations and solutions that encompass a series of policies to reduce the prevalent high logistics costs and limited access to services in Latin America. The recommendations rely on applied economic analysis on logistics and trade facilitation.

Airports --- Environment --- Environmental Economics and Policies --- Freight --- Road --- Roads --- Rural Roads --- Sanitation --- Transport --- Transport Economics, Policy and Planning --- Transport services --- Transportation --- True