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To examine the impact of Rwanda's 1994 genocide on children's schooling, the authors combine two cross-sectional household surveys collected before and after the genocide. The identification strategy uses pre-war data to control for an age group's baseline schooling and exploits variation across provinces in the intensity of killings and which children's cohorts were school-aged when exposed to the war. The findings show a strong negative impact of the genocide on schooling, with exposed children completing one-half year less education representing an 18.3 percent decline. The effect is robust to including control variables, alternative sources for genocide intensity, and an instrumental variables strategy.

Armed Conflict --- Civil war --- Conflict and Development --- Education --- Education for All --- Genocide --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household surveys --- Human Development --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Primary Education --- Progress --- Public Services --- War --- Youth and Government

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Economic shocks at birth have lasting effects on children's health several years after the shock. The authors calculate height for age z-scores for children under age five using data from a Rwandan nationally representative household survey conducted in 1992. They exploit district and time variation in crop failure and civil conflict to measure the impact of exogenous shocks that children experience at birth on their height several years later. They find that boys and girls born after the shock in regions experiencing civil conflict are both negatively affected with height for age z-scores 0.30 and 0.72 standard deviations lower, respectively. Conversely, only girls are negatively affected by crop failure, with these girls exhibiting 0.41 standard deviation lower height for age z-scores and the impact is worse for girls in poor households. Results are robust to using sibling difference estimators, household level production, and rainfall shocks as alternative measures of crop failure.

Adolescent Health --- Age --- Boys --- Child Health --- Children --- Children and Youth --- Civil Conflict --- Civil War --- Conflict and Development --- Early Childhood --- Education --- Educational Sciences --- Health Monitoring and Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Household Level --- Infant --- Information Systems --- Policy --- Policy Makers --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Poor Households --- Population Policies --- Post Conflict Reconstruction --- Poverty --- Poverty Reduction --- Practitioners --- Primary Education --- Progress --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- State University --- Street Children --- Urban Development --- Youth and Government

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The authors conduct a randomized experiment in rural Burkina Faso to estimate the impact of alternative cash transfer delivery mechanisms on education. The two-year pilot program randomly distributed cash transfers that were either conditional or unconditional. Families under the conditional schemes were required to have their children ages 7-15 enrolled in school and attending classes regularly. There were no such requirements under the unconditional programs. The results indicate that unconditional and conditional cash transfer programs have a similar impact increasing the enrollment of children who are traditionally favored by parents for school participation, including boys, older children, and higher ability children. However, the conditional transfers are significantly more effective than the unconditional transfers in improving the enrollment of "marginal children" who are initially less likely to go to school, such as girls, younger children, and lower ability children. Thus, conditionality plays a critical role in benefiting children who are less likely to receive investments from their parents.

Cash transfers --- Conditionality --- Education --- Education For All --- Educational Sciences --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Primary Education --- Public Sector Development --- Social Development --- Street Children --- Youth and Governance --- Africa