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Hay, Alexei

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Abnormal behaviour. --- Feeding. --- Hay. --- Horse. --- Stereotypy. --- Wood chewing.

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Drying --- Drying --- forage --- forage --- Harvesters --- Harvesters --- Mowing --- Mowing --- Hay --- Hay --- Quality --- Quality --- Harvesting losses --- Harvesting losses --- Processing losses --- Processing losses --- Packaging --- Packaging --- Mowers --- Mowers

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One hundred sixty beef cows (631 78 kg) were used to evaluate. the quantity of hay loss and feeding behaviors from different round bale feeders. Twenty cows were allotted by weight and body condition score to one of eight pens with four feeder designs: cone, ring, trailer, or cradle. All feeder types provided approximately 37 cm of linear feeder space per animal. Alfalfa and orchardgrass round bales were weighed and sampled before feeding. Hay that fell onto the concrete surrounding the feeder was considered waste and was collected and sampled daily. At the end of a 7-d period, each feeder type was assigned to a different pen for a second 7-d period:. On four consecutive days in each period, animal behavior,,was recorded using a time-lapse video system. Data were collected from 5-min observational intervals from the video tapes every 0.5 h each day. Feeder access, occupancy rate, and occurrence of agonistic interactions were recorded. Dry matter hay waste was 3.5, 6.1, 11.4, and 14.6% for the cone, ring, trailer, and cradle feeders, respectively. Calculated dry matter intake of hay ranged from 1.8 to 2.0% of body weight and was not different among feeder type (P < 0.05). Percentage of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein were all lower and acid detergent lignin was higher in the recovered waste compared to the hay fed (P < 0.05). Cows feeding from the cradle feeder had nearly three times the agonistic interactions and four times the frequency of entrances compared to cows feeding from the other feeder types (P < 0.05). Feed losses were positively correlated with agonistic interactions, frequency of regular and irregular entrances, and feeder occupancy rate (P < 0.05). Agonistic interactions by cows and frequency of feeder entrances differed among feeders and were correlated to feeder design induced feed losses

Access. --- Aggressive behavior,beef cows,behavior,feeding,utilization. --- Agonistic. --- Alfalfa. --- Animal. --- Behavior. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Cow. --- Cows. --- Design. --- Feeding. --- Fiber. --- Frequency. --- Hay. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Orchardgrass. --- Pen. --- Protein. --- Space. --- System. --- Time. --- Video. --- Weight.

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The restricted access to pasture experienced by many competition horses has been linked to the exhibition of stereotypic and redirected behaviour patterns. It has been suggested that racehorses provided with more than one source of forage are less likely to perform these patterns; however, the reasons for this are currently unclear. To investigate this in 4 replicated trials, up to 12 horses were introduced into each of 2 identical stables containing a single forage, or 6 forages for 5 min. To detect novelty effects, in the first and third trials the single forage was hay. In the second and fourth, it was the preferred forage from the preceding trial. Trials were videotaped and 12 mutually exclusive behaviour patterns compared. When hay was presented as the single forage (Trials 1 and 3), all recorded behaviour patterns were significantly different between stables; e.g. during Trial 3 in the 'Single' stable, horses looked over the stable door more frequently (P<0.001), moved for longer (P<0.001), foraged on straw bedding longer (P<0.001), and exhibited behaviour indicative of motivation to search for alternative resources (P<0.001) more frequently. When a previously preferred forage was presented as the single forage (Trials 2 and 4) behaviour was also significantly different between stables, e.g in Trial 4 horses looked out over the stable door more frequently (P<0.005) and foraged for longer in their straw bedding (P<0.005). Further study is required to determine whether these effects persist over longer periods. However, these trials indicate that enrichment of the stable environment through provision of multiple forages may have welfare benefits for horses, in reducing straw consumption and facilitating the expression of highly motivated foraging behaviour

Access. --- Bedding. --- Behaviour. --- Competition. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Equine. --- Expression. --- Food selection. --- Forage. --- Foraging. --- Hay. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Motivation. --- Novelty. --- Pasture. --- Pattern. --- Patterns. --- Periods. --- Provision. --- Racehorse. --- Resources. --- Search. --- Selection. --- Stabled horse. --- Stereotypic. --- Straw bedding. --- Straw. --- Time. --- Waltham. --- Welfare.