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Aggression. --- Behavioral development. --- Castrating. --- Castration. --- Mice. --- Neonatal.

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Castration. --- Lamb. --- Lambs. --- Method. --- Old. --- Pain. --- Reduction. --- Response. --- Tail docking.

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Small animal practitioners are increasingly confronted with patients showing adaptation related problems (ARP) which are expressed as disturbed or abnormal behavior (DAB). As a result, practitioners are asked increasingly to euthanize animals which seemingly cannot be socialized. In healthy dogs and cats, three main causes for DAB can be detected: refusal of obedience because of the drive for dominance; anxiety and frustration; and geriatric DAB. Increasingly, disease conditions not readily diagnosed can cause DAB, especially hypothyroidism. Influencing and contributing factors to DAB are breed, sex, experiences as a puppy, behavior of owners, changes in the pet's environment. ARPs may also cause disturbances in the condition of skin and fur, e.g. atopic dermatitis, pruritus sine materia, lick granuloma, and of the intestinal organs (vomiting, irritated bowel syndrome) and may result in an immune deficiency. Therapeutic approaches include behavioral therapy, surgical or hormonal castration with progestins or antiandrogens, substitution with thyroxin in cases with hypothyroidism, and/or the use of psychopharmaca, most prominently of modern antidepressiva like amitriptyline; buspirone; clomipramine and fluoxetine, but also of selegiline, a mono-aminoxydase inhibitor. These compounds, among other effects, are elevating prolactin levels. This seems to allow to formulate a working hypothesis: in the canine species, prolactin is obviously a hormone enabling socialization; hence all drugs which safely cause an increase in prolactin production might be suitable to manage or control ARPs and DAB in the dog, but also in the cat. Higher levels of prolactin than those required for socialization, as seen in nursing bitches or some clinically overt cases of pseudopregnancy, may cause maternal aggression and can be controlled with prolactin inhibitors, if needed

Abnormal behavior. --- Adaptation problems. --- Adaptation. --- Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anxiety. --- Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Breed. --- Canine behavior. --- Castration. --- Cat. --- Cats. --- Clomipramine. --- Control. --- Disease. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Dominance. --- Drive. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- English cocker-spaniels. --- Environment. --- Experience. --- Fluoxetine. --- Frustration. --- Fur. --- Hormonal. --- Hormone. --- Immune. --- Increase. --- Level. --- Maternal. --- Nursing. --- Obedience. --- Old. --- Pet. --- Production. --- Prolactin secretion. --- Prolactin. --- Pseudopregnancy. --- Psychopharmaca. --- Puppies. --- Puppy. --- Serotonin. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Socialization. --- Substitution. --- Therapy. --- Thyroid-hormone. --- Time.