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FRACTURE MECHANICS --- SHEARS --- CONCRETE BRIDGES --- FAILURE

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We assessed the effect of olfactory cues on agemate discrimination between lambs, Ovis aries. In experiment 1, a local anaesthetic was sprayed into the nostrils of 2-3-week-old lambs to inhibit olfaction. To verify whether the treated animals were anosmic, they were tested for their responses to a food source tainted with the odour of dog faeces, a scent that is strongly avoided by intact lambs. In a simultaneous-choice test, lambs that were categorized as anosmic, i.e. that fed in the presence of dog faeces odour, responded preferentially to a familiar penmate over an alien agemate, indicating that olfaction is not essential for social discrimination. We then examined intact lambs' responses to pairs of agemates that were anaesthetized and partially hidden, thereby eliminating vocal and salient visual characteristics of the stimulus lambs, but allowing access to their odours. During the choice tests, subject lambs responded more positively to their familiar twin than to an unfamiliar, unrelated lamb, but they did not discriminate between a familiar, unrelated penmate and a strange stimulus lamb. Thus, olfactory cues appeared to be a sufficient basis for twin recognition in this context. We conclude that discrimination of a twin but failure to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar unrelated lambs probably reflects differential familiarity between twins and unrelated penmates, but perceptible similarities between the odour phenotypes of twins may also facilitate the discrimination

Access. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Anosmic. --- Choice test. --- Choice. --- Cues. --- Discriminate. --- Discrimination. --- Dog. --- Experiment. --- Faeces. --- Failure. --- Food. --- Lamb. --- Lambs. --- Odour. --- Olfaction. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- Recognition. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Scent. --- Social discrimination. --- Social. --- Stimulus. --- Test. --- Tests.

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Social recognition is essential for the maintenance of a stable group structure. Failure to recognise familiar conspecifics in social groups of juvenile pigs may initiate agonistic encounters that can compromise welfare and productivity. Current housing systems may allow build up of atmospheric ammonia that might, in turn, interfere with the olfactory system and compromise olfactory perception. In the present study, 16 juvenile pigs were housed in fresh air while another 16 pigs were kept in an ammoniated atmosphere (approximately 36&nbsp;ppm) for 1 week prior to test and another week during testing. We then assessed the role of olfaction in social recognition and determined whether chronic exposure to ammonia compromised discrimination based on olfactory perception by comparing the pigs' responses to selected cues from a familiar and an unfamiliar pig presented simultaneously in separate chambers of a modified Y-maze in each of two test situations (near, remote). Visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile cues were all provided in the "near" test situation; here, the stimulus pigs were presented in two separate chambers behind clear perspex walls containing an aperture that allowed nose-to-nose contact between the test and stimulus pigs. On the other hand, the "remote" test provided only olfactory cues via air passed from the chambers containing the stimulus pigs into the test chamber. Each test lasted 5&nbsp;min and the pigs' behaviour was recorded via overhead video cameras; we then measured the accumulated times spent near and the numbers of visits made to the familiar and the unfamiliar stimulus pigs as well as the transitions between them. Overall, pigs made more visits to and spent significantly longer near both the stimulus pigs in the near test than in the remote one (ANOVA, PPPP<0.05). The present results suggest that pigs from both treatment groups employed olfactory cues in social recognition, but that chronic exposure to ammonia did not interfere with

Ability. --- Agonistic. --- Ammonia. --- Auditory. --- Behaviour. --- Conspecific. --- Contact. --- Cues. --- Discrimination. --- Exposure. --- Failure. --- Group. --- Housing system. --- Housing. --- Kept. --- Maintenance. --- Olfaction. --- Olfactory cues. --- Olfactory. --- Perception. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Preference. --- Preferences. --- Productivity. --- Recognition. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Situations. --- Social recognition. --- Social. --- Stimulus. --- System. --- Systems. --- Test. --- Time. --- Treatment. --- Video. --- Welfare. --- Y-maze.

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Adaptation. --- Adrenal. --- Age. --- Analysis. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Application. --- Behavior. --- Blood. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Boxes. --- C57bl/6j. --- Cage. --- Control. --- Corticosterone. --- Distance. --- Drive. --- Elevated plus maze. --- Enriched environment. --- Enriched. --- Enrichment. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Failure. --- Farm animals. --- Field. --- Food intake. --- Food. --- Group. --- Health. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Inbred strains. --- Increase. --- Individual difference. --- Individual differences. --- Individual-differences. --- Infection. --- Infections. --- Kept. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Method. --- Mice. --- Natural. --- Need. --- Needs. --- Nest box. --- Nest. --- Nesting material. --- Open field. --- Open-field. --- Physiological. --- Physiology. --- Productivity. --- Protein. --- Purpose. --- Rbc. --- Research. --- Response. --- Social. --- Species-differences. --- Stress. --- Success. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time. --- Urine. --- Uterus. --- Variation. --- Weight. --- Welfare. --- Well-being. --- Work. --- Zoo.