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Boxes. --- Dominance. --- Gerbil. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Time.

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Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Gerbil. --- Male. --- Marking behavior. --- Marking. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Time.

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Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Gerbil. --- Gland. --- Marking behavior. --- Marking. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Morphology. --- Scent gland. --- Scent. --- Testosterone. --- Time.

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ABSTRACT To determine the factors affecting agonistic interactions after regrouping, 24 pigs were allocated to six pens that each had a box. Half of the pigs were experienced in using the box. One castrated male and one female pig were transferred from each pen to another pen at random. The number of pigs attacked was particularly large for the pigs that had no experience in using the box and were transferred on the first day (P<0.05). The duration of access to the box was markedly longer for the pigs that had experience in using the box and were not transferred on the first day (P<0.05). The number and duration of attacks were significantly larger and longer toward unfamiliar individuals than toward familiar ones (both P< 0.01). The number of attacks toward the same sex was significantly larger than toward the opposite sex (P<0.01). A negative correlation was found between the number of agonistic interactions on the first day and the range of body weights in the pen mates (r=-0.78, P=0.07). In conclusion, regrouping with unfamiliar individuals should be avoided, but when unavoidable, the following methods are recommended to reduce agonistic interactions: (1) ensure the intruders are experienced in using a box, (2) move experienced intruders in with residents that have no experience in using a box, (3) mix different sexes, and (4) have wide variations in body weights in a pen

Access. --- Agonistic. --- Attacks. --- Body weight. --- Body-weight. --- Boxes. --- Duration. --- Experience. --- Female. --- Interaction. --- Interactions. --- Intruder. --- Male. --- Method. --- Pen. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Regrouping. --- Sex. --- Sexes. --- Variation. --- Weight.

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The behavior of two tigers (Panthera tigris) individually caged and transported once for 4.25 h and the behavior of four tigers that were transported twice for 4.2 and 4.5 h while caged as a group was analyzed. The tigers were videotaped during transport and the amount of time spent pacing, lying, and standing and walking was determined. Environmental conditions encountered during the trips, as well as tiger body temperature, were recorded at 5 min intervals during transport. Tigers that had access to an exercise pen and performed previous to transport spent most of their transport session lying down. Only toward the end of the trip did they exhibit pacing behavior. In contrast, those tigers that had not performed within a half day before transport and had no access to an exercise pen exhibited more frequent pacing behavior throughout transport. While slight rises in body temperature did coincide with some instances of pacing, increases in body temperature by one degree or more were most likely attributable to exertion during performances before transport. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Access. --- Behavior. --- Body temperature. --- Body-temperature. --- Boxes. --- Circus. --- Exercise. --- Group. --- Horses. --- Increase. --- Increases. --- Lying down. --- Lying. --- Pacing. --- Pen. --- Performance. --- Pigs. --- Standing. --- Stress. --- Temperature. --- Tigers. --- Time. --- Transport. --- Walking.