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Animal. --- Animals. --- Biomedical research. --- Biomedical. --- Ethics. --- Laboratory animals. --- Laboratory-animals. --- Laboratory. --- Pain. --- Rodent.

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Due to their aggressive nature, male mice are less frequently used than female mice in biomedical research. When aggressive males are being used, individual housing is common practice. The question arises whether this is an acceptable housing for a social species. The present study was designed to gain more insight into the nature of inter-male social contact and into the potential of a form of environmental enrichment (nesting material) to compensate for the lack of social contact. In a series of tests, we analysed whether male mice of different ages preferred to spend time (1) near a familiar cage mate versus an empty cage, or (2) near to a familiar cage mate versus direct contact with nesting material (tissues). Dwelling time in each of the test cages and sleeping sites was recorded, as was the behaviour of the test mice. Results indicated that when other conditions were similar, male mice preferred to sleep in close proximity to their familiar cage mate. Furthermore, the need to engage in active social behaviour increased with age. Tissues were used to a large extent for sleeping and sleep-related behaviour. it is concluded that single housing in order to avoid aggression between male mice is a solution with evident negative consequences for the animals. When individual housing is inevitable due to excessive aggressive behaviour, the presence of nesting material could partly compensate for the deprivation of social contact

Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Aggressive. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Biomedical research. --- Biomedical. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Decreases. --- Deprivation. --- Different ages. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Male laboratory mice. --- Male mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Modulation. --- Motivation. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus l. --- Need. --- Nesting material. --- Preference. --- Proximity. --- Rats. --- Research. --- Sleep. --- Social behaviour. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time.

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This book is the first monograph-length study of the force-feeding of hunger strikers in English, Irish and Northern Irish prisons. It examines ethical debates that arose throughout the twentieth century when governments authorised the force-feeding of imprisoned suffragettes, Irish republicans and convict prisoners. It also explores the fraught role of prison doctors called upon to perform the procedure. Since the Home Office first authorised force-feeding in 1909, a number of questions have been raised about the procedure. Is force-feeding safe? Can it kill? Are doctors who feed prisoners against their will abandoning the medical ethical norms of their profession? And do state bodies use prison doctors to help tackle political dissidence at times of political crisis? This book is Open Access under a CC BY license.

History --- Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- geschiedenis --- sociale geschiedenis --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- World history --- Hunger strikes --- Prisoners --- Prisons --- Prison physicians --- Medical ethics. --- History. --- Social history. --- Social History. --- History of Science. --- Dungeons --- Gaols --- Penitentiaries --- Correctional institutions --- Imprisonment --- Prison-industrial complex --- Convicts --- Imprisoned persons --- Incarcerated persons --- Prison inmates --- Inmates of institutions --- Strikes, Hunger --- Fasting --- Government, Resistance to --- Nonviolence --- Passive resistance --- Biomedical ethics --- Clinical ethics --- Ethics, Medical --- Health care ethics --- Medical care --- Medicine --- Bioethics --- Professional ethics --- Nursing ethics --- Social medicine --- Physicians --- Descriptive sociology --- Social conditions --- Social history --- Sociology --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Civil rights --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Inmates --- Persons --- force-feeding --- northern irish prisons --- hunger strikers --- irish prisons --- ethics --- prison doctors