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Agonistic. --- Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Gerbil. --- Hormone. --- Hormones. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Meriones unguiculatus. --- Meriones-unguiculatus. --- Mongolian gerbil. --- Mongolian-gerbil. --- Social housing condition. --- Social housing. --- Social. --- Time.

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Female mink pups were weaned at 6, 8 or 10 weeks of age and subjected to two different housing conditions. They were either kept together with a single male sibling in traditional mink cages (30 X 45 X 90 cm) or housed socially with all litter-mates in an alternative system consisting of three adjoining traditional cages (90 x 45 x 90 cm). All cages were supplied with nest boxes. At 5 months of age, the siblings were removed leaving the females socially isolated in the two different cage systems. Females' stereotypies were quantified by repeated scanning observations under the social housing conditions immediately before removal of the siblings, and again at the age of 7 and 9 months, when the animals had stayed solitary in the two systems for 2 and 4 months. Solitary females showed significantly more stereotypies than females under social housing conditions in both cage systems. Stereotypies were more frequent in the smaller traditional cages. Stereotypies declined from 7 to 9 months of age among solitary animals in traditional cages but not in alternative cages. Early-weaned solitary females in traditional cages showed more stereotypies than later-weaned animals, but only when measured at the age of 7 months. It is suggested that early weaning, individual housing and small cages promote the development of stereotypies in farmed mink. The influence of early weaning on stereotypies seems to decline with age, while effects related to individual housing and small cages appear to be more persistent. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved

Age. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavior. --- Boxes. --- Cage size. --- Cage. --- Development. --- Early weaning. --- Female. --- Females. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Kept. --- Littermates. --- Male. --- Mink. --- Nest box. --- Nest. --- Observation. --- Pups. --- Social housing condition. --- Social housing. --- Social. --- Solitary. --- Stereotypies. --- Stereotypy. --- Stress. --- System. --- Systems. --- Time. --- Weaning age. --- Weaning.

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Many studies have shown that housing mice individually over a long period significantly alters their physiology, but in most cases measurement has required human interference and restraint for sampling. Using a radio-telemetry system with implantable transmitters, we recorded heart rate (HR), motor activity (ACT) and body temperature (BT) of freely moving male mice (NMRI) housed either individually or in pairs with an ovarectomized female. Data for each parameter were collected at 5 min intervals for two consecutive 24 h periods. Even after several weeks of habituation to the social conditions, HR was increased in mice housed individually compared with mice housed in pairs, although their measured ACT did not differ. Additionally, BT tended to be reduced in individually-housed mice. When the data were analysed according to different ACT levels, HR was increased in individually-housed mice during phases of low and high, but not intermediate, motor activity. Furthermore, individually-housed mice had more, but shorter, resting bouts, indicating disruption of the normal circadian sleep pattern. Enhanced HR in individually-housed mice does not necessarily indicate stress, but might be an important physiological indicator of discomfort. The fact that individual housing alters basic physiological parameters in laboratory mice highlights the need to control for housing-dependent variation, especially in experiments that are sensitive to changes in these parameters

Activity. --- Alters. --- Behavior. --- Body temperature. --- Body-temperature. --- Carcinoma. --- Circadian. --- Control. --- Discomfort. --- Disruption. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Female. --- Group housing. --- Growth. --- Habituation. --- Heart rate. --- Heart-rate. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Human. --- Individual housing. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory mouse. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Motor-activity. --- Mouse. --- Moving. --- Need. --- Parameters. --- Pattern. --- Periods. --- Physiological. --- Physiology. --- Radiotelemetry. --- Responses. --- Restraint. --- Sleep. --- Social environment. --- Social housing condition. --- Social. --- Stress. --- Switzerland. --- System. --- Telemetry. --- Temperature. --- Transmitter. --- Variation.