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Bite. --- Dog. --- Dogs. --- Risk-factors. --- Training.

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PARASITES --- PARASITOLOGY --- RISK FACTORS --- COLD CLIMATE --- PATHOGENICITY

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Intervertebral disk displacement, epidemiology, finland. --- Risk factors. --- Sciatica --- Epidemiology, finland.

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We identified risk factors associated with falling during steeplechase racing. We used retrospective data from all steeplechase runs on UK racecourses during 1999: 10,866 starts with 647 horse falls. The relationship between continuous variables and falling was assessed using generalised additive models (GAMs). Polynomial fits then were included in a multilevel, multivariable logistic-regression model. The number of runners had a linear, positive association with the risk of falling. The distance of the race had a non-linear relationship with the risk of falling; the risk steadily increased in races up to 23 furlongs (1 furlong~198 m), and then decreased in longer races. Age also had a significant, non-linear relationship with the risk of falling: a decreasing risk up to 12 years of age followed by an increasing risk in older horses. Horses that wore visors and had raced previously were associated with a decrease in the risk of falling. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) showed that although most of the variation resided at the start (level 1), a proportion of variation in the risk of falling could be attributed to horse and race. Trainer and jockey contributed very little to the variation in the risk of falling

Age. --- Association. --- Distance. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Level. --- Model. --- Models. --- Retrospective. --- Risk-factors. --- Risk. --- Variation.

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Between March 1, 2000 and August 31, 2001, a case-control study was conducted on 12 racecourses in England and Wales to identify and quantify the risk factors associated with horse falls in hurdle races. The cases and. controls were defined so that variables relating to the horse, the jockey, the race and racecourse, and the jump could be considered. The cases were defined as a jumping effort at a hurdle flight that resulted in a fall, and the controls were defined as a successful jump over a hurdle at any of the 12 racecourses within 14 days before or after the case fall. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine the univariable and multivariable relationships between the predictor variables and the risk of failing. The risk of failing was significantly associated with the position of the jump in the race, and with the distance and speed of the race. A horse's previous racing experience and history were also significantly associated with the risk of fallng and horses participating in their first hurdle race were at almost five times greater risk of failing than horses that had hurdled before

Control. --- Distance. --- Experience. --- Fatalities. --- Flat. --- History. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Hurdle racing. --- Hurdle. --- Jumping. --- Position. --- Risk-factors. --- Risk. --- Time. --- Uk.