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Maternal care influences hippocampal development in the rat. The offspring of mothers that exhibit increased levels of pup licking/grooming and arched-back nursing (High LG-ABN mothers) show increased hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor binding and enhanced hippocampal-dependent spatial learning. In these studies we examined whether environmental enrichment from days 22-70 of life might reverse the effects of low maternal care. Environmental enrichment eliminated the differences between the offspring of High and Low LG-ABN mothers in both Morris water maze learning and object recognition. However, enrichment did not reverse the effect of maternal care on long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus or on hippocampal NMDA receptor binding. In contrast, peripubertal enrichment did reverse the effects of maternal care on hippocampal a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor binding. These findings provide evidence for the reversal of the effects of reduced maternal investment in early life on cognitive function in adulthood. Such effects might involve compensatory changes associated with peripubertal enrichment. (C) 2003 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Adulthood. --- Ampa receptors. --- Care. --- Cognitive function. --- Dentate gyrus. --- Development. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Expression. --- Function. --- Hippocampal. --- Investment. --- Learning. --- Level. --- Life. --- Long-term potentiation. --- Long-term. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal investment. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Maze learning. --- Memory. --- Mice. --- Morris water maze. --- Mother. --- Nmda receptor. --- Nursing. --- Object recognition. --- Object. --- Parental care,enriched,cognition,glutamate receptors. --- Plasticity. --- Potentiation. --- Prenatal stress. --- Rat hippocampus. --- Rat. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor-binding. --- Receptor. --- Recognition. --- Responses. --- Spatial learning. --- Spatial.

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Understanding a species' behaviour in natural conditions can give insights into its development, responses and welfare in captivity. Here, we review research and pest control literatures on the free-living house mouse (Mus musculus), analysing its sensory world, developmental processes and behaviour to suggest how laboratory environments might affect mouse welfare, normalcy, test design, and behaviour. Mouse development from foetus to weaning is influenced by prenatal stress and nutrient levels, and post-natal litter size and other factors affecting maternal care, all with lasting effects on adult bodyweight, aggression, activity levels, stress responsiveness and masculinisation. These influences may well be important in the laboratory, for example unwittingly differing between facilities leading to site-differences in phenotype. Murine senses are dominated by olfactory, auditory and tactile cues. Their hearing extends into the ultrasonic, and vision, from mid-range wavelengths to the ultraviolet. In mouse facilities, behaviour and welfare may therefore also be affected by sensory stimuli unnoticed by humans. The physical and social environment and behaviour of wild mice differ greatly from those of laboratory mice. Dispersal age varies with resource-levels and social cues, and mice often either live alone or in family groups. Mice occupy territories/ranges measuring a few square meters to several square kilometers, and which allow running, climbing, and buff owing. Mice are often active during dawn/dusk, and spend their time patrolling their territories, investigating neighbours' odour cues, foraging, finding mates and rearing litters. The potential impact of these many differences and restrictions on laboratory mouse development, normalcy and welfare has only begun to be explored. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Activity. --- Adult. --- Age. --- Aggression. --- Anogenital distance. --- Auditory. --- Barrel cortex. --- Behaviour. --- Biology. --- Boxes. --- Captivity. --- Care. --- Control. --- Cues. --- Design. --- Development. --- Dispersal. --- Domesticus rutty. --- Environment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Environments. --- Female mice. --- Foetus. --- Foraging. --- Group. --- Hearing. --- House mouse. --- Human. --- Humans. --- Intrauterine position. --- Island population. --- Laboratory environment. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory mouse. --- Laboratory. --- Level. --- Litter size. --- Major urinary proteins. --- Maternal care. --- Maternal-behavior. --- Maternal-care. --- Maternal. --- Mice. --- Mouse. --- Mus musculus. --- Mus-musculus. --- Musculus. --- Natural. --- Odour. --- Olfactory. --- Parental care. --- Physical. --- Prenatal stress. --- Prenatal. --- Rearing. --- Research. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Restriction. --- Review. --- Senses. --- Sensory biology. --- Sensory. --- Size. --- Social environment. --- Social. --- Standardisation. --- Stimuli. --- Stress. --- Territories. --- Territory. --- Test. --- Time. --- Vary. --- Vision. --- Weaning. --- Welfare. --- Wild.