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Activity. --- Bird. --- Brain. --- Glucose. --- Hormone. --- Pigeon. --- Pigeons. --- Stress.

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Agonistic. --- Environment. --- Glucose. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Level. --- Pig. --- Pigs. --- Plasma. --- Social environment. --- Social. --- Weaning.

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Family Practice. --- Diabetes Mellitus. --- Diabetes Insipidus --- Glucose Intolerance --- Family Practices --- Practice, Family --- Practices, Family --- Family practice --- Diabetes mellitus --- Family practice. --- Diabetes mellitus. --- Family Practice --- Diabetes Mellitus

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Transportation stress has been implicated as a predisposing factor to respiratory disease in horses. Cross-tying horses individually in stalls is common practice for transporting show and racehorses, but horses also travel in small groups or individually without being restricted by tying. The objective of this study was to compare physiological responses of horses travelling cross-tied or loose during 24 h of road transport. Ten horses were used in a cross-over design consisting of two 4 day trials. In the first trial, 6 horses were cross-tied, while 2 pairs of horses were loose in enclosed compartments. Treatments were reversed in the second trial. Baseline samples were collected on Day 1, horses transported on Day 2, and recovery data collected on Days 3 and 4. Blood samples were collected daily at 0800, 1100 and 2000 h. The mean responses in all horses of serum cortisol, lactate, glucose, alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, and total protein concentrations, packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC) counts and aminotransferase and creatine kinase were was elevated significantly from baseline during the 4 day study. The response of white blood cell counts, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and glucose and cortisol concentrations was significantly elevated in the cross-tied compared to the loose group during transport and recovery. This study supports the recommendation of allowing horses during long-term transportation to travel loose in small compartments, without elevating their head by cross-tying

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. --- Blood. --- Cortisol. --- Design. --- Disease. --- Glucose. --- Group. --- Groups. --- Handling. --- Heart-rate. --- Horse. --- Horses. --- Lactate. --- Long-term. --- Lower respiratory-tract. --- Lymphocytes. --- Pathology. --- Physiological-responses. --- Physiological. --- Posture. --- Protein. --- Racehorse. --- Recovery. --- Respiratory. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Road transport. --- Serum. --- Stress. --- Time. --- Transport. --- Transportation stress. --- Treatment.

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Diabetes Mellitus --- Metabolic Diseases --- Diabetes --- Metabolism --- Diabète --- Métabolisme, Troubles du --- Periodicals. --- Disorders --- Périodiques --- Diabetes Mellitus. --- Metabolic Diseases. --- Diabetes. --- Disorders. --- Disorders of metabolism --- Metabolic diseases --- Metabolic disorders --- Metabolism, Disorders of --- Brittle diabetes --- Diabetes mellitus --- IDDM (Disease) --- Insulin-dependent diabetes --- Ketosis prone diabetes --- Type 1 diabetes --- Diseases, Metabolic --- Thesaurismosis --- Disease, Metabolic --- Metabolic Disease --- Thesaurismoses --- Anabolism --- Catabolism --- Metabolism, Primary --- Primary metabolism --- metabolic diseases --- diabetes --- endocrinology --- Diseases --- Carbohydrate intolerance --- Endocrine glands --- Diabetic acidosis --- Glycosylated hemoglobin --- Diabetes Insipidus --- Glucose Intolerance --- Biochemistry --- Physiology --- Clinical Endocrinology --- Diabetis. --- Trastorns del metabolisme. --- Alteracions del metabolisme --- Desordres del metabolisme --- Malalties del metabolisme --- Malalties --- Amiloïdosi --- Calcificació --- Desequilibri àcid-base --- Errors congènits del metabolisme --- Obesitat --- Síndrome metabòlica --- Trastorns de la pigmentació --- Trastorns del creixement --- Trastorns del metabolisme del ferro --- Trastorns del metabolisme dels lípids --- Trastorns dels humors corporals --- Diabetis insulinodependent --- Diabetis mellitus --- Diabetis sacarina --- Diabetis tipus 1 --- Malaltia de Willis --- Malalties de les glàndules endocrines --- Diabetis en els infants --- Diabetis en l'embaràs --- Diabetis no-insulinodependent --- Hemocromatosi --- Insulina --- Diabètics