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The present experiments investigated the role of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas in behavioral flexibility using a place-response learning paradigm. All rats received a bilateral cannula implant aimed at the prelimbic-infralimbic areas. To examine the role of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas in shifting strategies, rats were tested on a place and a response discrimination in a cross-maze. Some rats were tested on the place version first followed by the response version. The procedure for the other rats was reversed. Infusions of 2% tetracaine into the prelimbic-infralimbic areas did not impair acquisition of the place or response discriminations. Prelimbic-infralimbic inactivation did impair learning when rats were switched from one discrimination to the other (cross-modal shift). To investigate the role of the prelimbic-infralimbic areas in intramodal shifts (reversal learning), one group of rats was tested on a place reversal and another group tested on a response reversal. Prelimbic-infralimbic inactivation did not impair place or response intramodal shifts. Some rats that completed testing on a particular version in the cross-modal and intramodal experiments were tested on the same version in a new room for 3 d. The transfer tests revealed that rats use a spatial strategy on the place version and an egocentric response strategy on the response version. Overall, these results suggest that the prelimbic-infralimbic areas are important for behavioral flexibility involving crossmodal but not intramodal shifts

Acquisition. --- Animal-models. --- Anterior cingulate. --- Area. --- Attentional set shifting. --- Cannula. --- Caudate-nucleus. --- City. --- Cortex. --- Discrimination. --- Double dissociation. --- Electrolytic lesions. --- Experiment. --- Experiments. --- Flexibility. --- Group. --- Hippocampal. --- Infralimbic. --- Involvement. --- Learning. --- Prefrontal cortex. --- Prelimbic. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Reversal learning. --- Rodent. --- Spatial. --- Strategies. --- Strategy. --- Tasks. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Tetracaine. --- Working-memory.

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The present study aimed to determine whether the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) (prelimbic and infralimbic regions) is implicated in the integration of a stress response. Sprague-Dawely rats were implanted with telemetry probes and guide cannulae so that either muscimol or vehicle could be administered locally within the mPFC or dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH). The heart rate and blood pressure of rats was continuously recorded as either muscimol or vehicle was administered centrally and rats were either exposed to restraint stress or left alone in their home cages. After the stress challenge, or equivalent period, rats that had received intra-mPFC injections were processed for immunohistochemical detection of Fos throughout the neuraxis. Bilateral microinjection of muscimol into the mPFC had no effect upon either baseline cardiovascular parameters or restraint stress-induced tachycardia or pressor responses whereas, in the DMH, pretreatment with muscimol attenuated the cardiovascular stress response. Analysis of Fos expression throughout the CNS of nonstressed rats showed no effect of muscimol injections into the mPFC on baseline expression in the nuclei examined. In contrast, rats that had received muscimol injections into their mPFC and were subsequently restrained exhibited an increase in the number of Fos-positive cells in the DMH, medial amygdala, and medial nucleus tractus solitarius as compared to vehicle-injected rats that experienced restraint stress. These results indicate that, during acute psychological stress, the mPFC does not modulate the cardiovascular system in rats but does inhibit specific subcortical nuclei to exert control over aspects of an integrated response to a stressor

Amygdala. --- Analysis. --- Blood pressure. --- Blood-pressure. --- Blood. --- C-fos expression. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Cardiovascular system. --- Cardiovascular-system. --- Cardiovascular. --- Cingulate cortex. --- Control. --- Cortex. --- Dorsomedial hypothalamus. --- Excitotoxic lesions. --- Expression. --- Fos. --- Frontal-cortex. --- Heart rate. --- Heart-rate. --- Hypothalamus. --- Increase. --- Infralimbic cortex. --- Infralimbic. --- Injections. --- Medial amygdala. --- Medial prefrontal cortex. --- Microinjection. --- Norepinephrine release. --- Nucleus tractus solitarius. --- Nucleus-accumbens. --- Nucleus. --- Parameters. --- Prefrontal cortex. --- Prelimbic. --- Psychological stress. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Restraint stress. --- Restraint. --- Stress response. --- Stress-response. --- Stress. --- Stressor. --- System. --- Tachycardia. --- Telemetry. --- Time.