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Everybody has made use of grease in their daily lives. The word “grease” originates from the early Latin word “crassus,” meaning fat. For our purposes, in this Special Issue, we will be focusing on lubricating grease, for publication in the eponymous journal Lubricants. According to ASTM, lubricating grease may be defined as “a solid-to-semi-fluid product of dispersed thickening agents in a liquid lubricant”. Other functional ingredients, such anti-wear and extreme pressure additives, may be included, with the overall goal of inducing special properties/functionalities. Grease is a very complex lubricant. We have never had a Special Issue focusing on this key product, and lubricating greases are often underrepresented in the technical literature. In recent years, there has been significant progress in research on greases, ranging from the specific chemical formulation of greases for special applications to how grease interacts with various surfaces, tribological advances in grease properties, new techniques for grease property measurements, etc. Recently, greases have also been evolving, as they and play a key role in the lubrication of electric vehicles. We aim to select the top research avenues and papers worldwide related to lubricating greases to form this compilation. This Special Issue wishes to be the first of its kind, and we plan to make this an annual exercise, where our compendium aims to discuss the latest developments worldwide encompassing all areas related to greases.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- grease degradation --- contact angle --- yield stress --- shearing --- tribology properties --- grease consistency --- grease testing --- cone penetration --- rheometer testing --- grease --- tackiness --- adhesion --- four-ball tester --- heat dissipation --- speed ramp up --- ASTM D2596 --- grease weld load --- grease friction --- greases --- EVs --- hybrid vehicle --- driveline lubricant --- electrification --- thermal properties --- electromagnetic field --- noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) --- energy efficiency --- elastohydrodynamic lubrication --- isothermal --- non-Newtonian --- point contact --- grease lubrication --- Bauer's model --- pressure gradient --- equivalent viscosity --- hybrid bearings --- electric vehicles --- electric motors --- friction and wear --- bio-based grease --- film thickness --- friction measurements --- polyurea thickener --- PAO --- CNTs --- wear --- coefficient of friction --- tribological behavior --- fretting --- sliding --- lubricating grease --- heterogeneous crystallization --- glass transition --- rheology --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) --- grease degradation --- contact angle --- yield stress --- shearing --- tribology properties --- grease consistency --- grease testing --- cone penetration --- rheometer testing --- grease --- tackiness --- adhesion --- four-ball tester --- heat dissipation --- speed ramp up --- ASTM D2596 --- grease weld load --- grease friction --- greases --- EVs --- hybrid vehicle --- driveline lubricant --- electrification --- thermal properties --- electromagnetic field --- noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) --- energy efficiency --- elastohydrodynamic lubrication --- isothermal --- non-Newtonian --- point contact --- grease lubrication --- Bauer's model --- pressure gradient --- equivalent viscosity --- hybrid bearings --- electric vehicles --- electric motors --- friction and wear --- bio-based grease --- film thickness --- friction measurements --- polyurea thickener --- PAO --- CNTs --- wear --- coefficient of friction --- tribological behavior --- fretting --- sliding --- lubricating grease --- heterogeneous crystallization --- glass transition --- rheology --- differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

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Unconventional reservoirs are usually complex and highly heterogeneous, such as shale, coal, and tight sandstone reservoirs. The strong physical and chemical interactions between fluids and pore surfaces lead to the inapplicability of conventional approaches for characterizing fluid flow in these low-porosity and ultralow-permeability reservoir systems. Therefore, new theories and techniques are urgently needed to characterize petrophysical properties, fluid transport, and their relationships at multiple scales for improving production efficiency from unconventional reservoirs. This book presents fundamental innovations gathered from 21 recent works on novel applications of new techniques and theories in unconventional reservoirs, covering the fields of petrophysical characterization, hydraulic fracturing, fluid transport physics, enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Clearly, the research covered in this book is helpful to understand and master the latest techniques and theories for unconventional reservoirs, which have important practical significance for the economic and effective development of unconventional oil and gas resources.

shale gas --- permeability --- prediction by NMR logs --- matrix–fracture interaction --- faults --- remaining oil distributions --- unconventional reservoirs --- coal deformation --- reservoir depletion --- carbonate reservoir --- nanopore --- fracturing fluid --- pseudo-potential model --- shale reservoirs --- matrix-fracture interactions --- multi-scale fracture --- succession pseudo-steady state (SPSS) method --- fluid transport physics --- integrated methods --- chelating agent --- dissolved gas --- non-equilibrium permeability --- effective stress --- fractal --- fracture network --- spontaneous imbibition --- tight oil --- porous media --- 0-1 programming --- the average flow velocity --- geothermal water --- micro-fracture --- pore types --- pore network model --- petrophysical characterization --- nitrogen adsorption --- analysis of influencing factors --- mudstone --- rheology --- velocity profile --- shale permeability --- flow resistance --- global effect --- tight sandstones --- fractal dimension --- contact angle --- temperature-resistance --- fractured well transient productivity --- reservoir classifications --- deep circulation groundwater --- viscosity --- NMR --- fractional diffusion --- lattice Boltzmann method --- multiporosity and multiscale --- fractal geometry --- imbibition front --- productivity contribution degree of multimedium --- wetting angle --- pH of formation water --- enhanced oil recovery --- isotopes --- tight sandstone --- fracture diversion --- shale --- SRV-fractured horizontal well --- low-salinity water flooding --- shale gas reservoir --- tight reservoirs --- fracture continuum method --- tight oil reservoir --- Lucaogou Formation --- hydraulic fracturing --- clean fracturing fluid --- recovery factor --- flow regimes --- local effect --- complex fracture network --- pore structure --- gas adsorption capacity --- polymer --- non-linear flow --- conformable derivative --- production simulation --- analytical model --- enhanced geothermal system --- multi-scale flow --- experimental evaluation --- extended finite element method --- fluid-solid interaction --- groundwater flow --- well-placement optimization --- thickener --- imbibition recovery --- equilibrium permeability --- slip length --- large density ratio --- clay mineral composition --- finite volume method --- volume fracturing --- influential factors --- sulfonate gemini surfactant