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Engineering sciences. Technology --- Technical drawing --- freehand drawing [technique] --- sketching --- engineering --- modeling [shading] --- visualization [computer]

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#BIBC:bibl.Reekmans --- Painting, Greek --- Color. --- Shades and shadows. --- Ancient Greek paintings --- History. --- Colour & shading --- Techniques --- Techniques.

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For the last decades, international organizations have attached a huge importance to building’s energy-efficiency. In fact, the construction sector is one of the most responsible for the greenhouse gas emissions and accounts for more than 40% of the total energy consumption. Furthermore, the occupant comfort became a decisive factor of the user’s satisfaction. In addition, the European Union intends to recognize the smartness of building with a Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI). In this way, emerging dynamic building envelopes that are adaptive façades are high potential solutions for the building sector. Moreover, these can significantly reduce the energy demand and improve occupant comfort. Many studies analyzed the impact of such façades by investigating one or several of these technologies. However, a single adaptive façade family was mostly studied. Thereby, in this thesis, four smart envelopes from four different families have been simulated and investigated through EnergyPlus with the help of DesignBuilder. Additionally, three control strategies were chosen to study the dynamic aspect of such systems. These are based on solar, operative temperaturel and glare control. The study aims to perform the energy, thermal and visual comforts performances. Then, the building envelope technologies are compared with a base case based on BESTEST case 600 which consist of a single office room with two windows. The simulated location is Uccle, in the Brussels-capital region in Belgium. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is made to strengthen the results and to determine influential parameters. 
By comparing the different dynamic building technologies, it is demonstrated that dynamic shading devices and electrochromic glazing have a remarkable influence on the energy savings with a decrease of the total annual loads that can reach 31,3% compared to a simple office room without smart technologies. They mostly influence the cooling energy loads. Double-skin façades have a smaller impact on the energy consumption. However, these can significantly improve thermal comfort by decreasing discomfort hours by 14,8% compared to the base case. In fact, electrochromic glazing and dynamic shading do not really influence thermal comfort. In addition, this study points out the importance of control strategy’s choice and parameters. Due to DesignBuilder limitations, visual comfort has only been investigated for double-skin façade cases. Nevertheless, this adaptive façade is able to reduce drastically unwanted daylight by more than 35%.
In conclusion, this thesis helps to determine the impacts of transparent adaptive façades on energy and comfort performances in office buildings. By studying several adaptive façade families and control strategies and different impact criteria, an overview of their potential is possible and can help in decision making of such façades. Depuis quelques décennies, les organisations internationales accordent de plus en plus d’importance à l’efficacité énergétique des bâtiments. En réalité, le secteur de la construction est responsable de plus de 40% de la consommation d’énergie totale. En outre, le confort des occupants est un facteur primordial pour améliorer leur satisfaction. De plus, l’Union Européenne désire évaluer l’intelligence des bâtiments à l’aide d’un indicateur : le Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI). Ainsi, les nouvelles technologies dynamiques d’enveloppes, que sont les façades adaptatives, promettent d’offrir des solutions de qualité pour le secteur de la construction. Aussi, celles-ci peuvent considérablement diminuer la demande d’énergie et améliorer le confort des occupants. Plusieurs études portent sur l’analyse d’une ou plusieurs de ces technologies. Mais la plupart du temps, ces dernières font partie de la même famille de façade adaptive. C’est pourquoi, cette thèse de master simule et étudie quatre systèmes de quatre familles différentes de façades adaptatives à l’aide du logiciel EnergyPlus. D’autre part, trois stratégies de contrôle ont été choisies pour évaluer l’aspect dynamique de ce genre de système. Celles-ci sont basées sur le contrôle par les gains solaires, la température opérative et l’index d’éblouissement. L’étude porte sur l’évaluation des performances énergétiques et de conforts thermique et visuel. Outre cela, ces technologies sont comparées à un cas de base, fondé sur le cas 600 de BESTEST qui consiste en une simple pièce de bureau avec deux fenêtres. La localisation de la simulation est, quant à elle, fixée à Uccle, ville de la région de Bruxelles-capitale en Belgique. Finalement, une étude de sensibilité est effectuée afin de déterminer si des paramètres sont susceptibles de varier.
En comparant ces différentes technologies d’enveloppes intelligentes, il est démontré que les pare-soleils dynamiques et le vitrage électrochromique permettent d’économiser remarquablement la consommation d’énergie jusqu’à 31,3% comparé au cas de base. Ceux-ci agissent principalement sur la demande de refroidissement. Les façades double-peau ont un impact plus modeste sur la demande d’énergie. Néanmoins, elles permettent d’améliorer le confort thermique en diminuant les heures d’inconfort thermique jusqu’à 14,8% par rapport au cas de base. En réalité, le vitrage électrochromique et le pare-soleil dynamique n’influencent que très peu le confort thermique. De plus, cette étude met en évidence l’importance du choix de la stratégie de contrôle et du paramétrage. Cependant, les limitations du logiciel utilisé ont réduit l’étude du confort visuel aux cas de façade double-peau. Toujours est-il que ce type de façade peut réduire le rayonnement solaire non-désiré de plus de 35%.
En conclusion, cette thèse de master permet de déterminer les impacts des façades adaptatives transparentes sur les performances énergétiques et de confort dans les bâtiments de bureaux. En étudiant différentes familles, diverses stratégies de contrôle ainsi que plusieurs domaines d’impact, une vue globale de leur potentiel est possible et peut aider dans le choix de façade intelligente.

Building performance --- Smart building --- Dynamic envelop --- Adaptive façade --- Simulation --- Thermal comfort --- Energy consumption --- Visual Comfort --- EnergyPlus --- Electrochromic --- Dynamic shading --- Double-skin façade --- BESTEST --- Performance énergétique --- Bâtiment intelligent --- Façade adaptative --- Enveloppe dynamique --- Confort thermique --- Confort visuel --- Consommation d'énergie --- Electrochromique --- Pare-soleil automatisé --- Double-peau --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Architecture

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The Building sector requires a conspicuous considerable amount of energy for services related to annual air-conditioning and the thermal comfort of indoor spaces. The design of highly efficient low-energy buildings is often a challenging task, especially in the mediterranean area, where the balanced requirement for heating and cooling energy does not usually permit a high level of envelope insulation in order to avoid summer overheating. This topical Special Issue of Energies is dedicated to “High Efficient Buildings in Mediterranean Area: Challenges and Perspectives” and collects studies related to the assessment and evaluation of systems and technologies for building energy management and control in the Mediterranean climate, with the aim of optimizing the building–plant system and reducing energy use. This collection of papers presents the latest research results related to the topic; these articles offer valuable insights into the energy simulation of highly efficient buildings, propose innovative envelope solutions, such as green roofs, Trombe walls, and PCM, and investigate the use of renewable sources such as photovoltaic systems. The topics also include the innovative use and control of Venetian blinds and fixed solar shades in order to reduce energy consumption and preserve visual comfort, as well as an interesting economic analysis based on the cost-optimal approach.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- nZEB --- photovoltaics --- geothermal energy system --- energy storage units --- energy transactions --- life cycle cost assessment --- payback period --- building design --- cost-optimal analysis --- BEopt --- economic projections --- smart solar shading --- energy saving --- venetian blinds --- trombe wall --- experimental analysis --- solar gains --- PCM thermal storage --- bioclimatic strategy --- traditional constructive technology --- wine vinification --- energetic retrofit --- shading systems --- multi-objective optimization --- energy savings --- visual comfort --- renewable energy sources --- PV systems configurations --- energy storage --- net present value --- emission reduction --- weather data --- typical weather year --- building energy simulations --- residential building --- energy demand --- energy efficiency policy --- nearly zero energy building --- Positive Energy Building --- energy performance of buildings --- thermal behaviour --- thermal dynamic simulation --- prefabricated buildings --- SUPRIM --- EnergyPlus --- building energy performance --- phase change materials --- green roof --- measurements --- thermal behavior --- monitoring --- dynamic model

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In horticulture, plant propagation plays an important role, as the number of plants can be rapidly multiplied, retaining the desirable characteristics of the mother plants, and shortening the bearing age of plants. There are two primary forms of plant propagation: sexual and asexual. In nature, the propagation of plants most often involves sexual reproduction, and this form is still used in several species. Over the years, horticulturists have developed asexual propagation methods that use vegetative plant parts. Innovation in plant propagation has supported breeding programs and allowed the production of high quality nursery plants with the same genetic characteristics of the mother plant, free of diseases or pests.

Carya illinoinensis --- orchards --- seedlings production --- emergence rate --- Ericaceae --- Vaccinium virgatum --- micropropagation --- in vitro culture --- cytokinins --- zeatin --- 2iP --- BAP --- kinetin --- WPM --- clone aging --- foundation-stock --- genetic-disorder --- non-infectious --- epigenetic --- pepper --- propagation --- domestic --- wild --- protocorm-like bodies --- light-emitting diode --- trehalose --- maltose --- CCC --- correlation --- growth retardants --- rooting --- cutting --- forcing --- oleander --- shading --- acclimatization --- auxins --- Dracaena draco --- in vitro --- auxin --- rhizobacteria --- Vaccinium spp. --- bacterial wilt --- Solanum melongena --- susceptible --- tolerance --- exopolysaccharides --- cell wall degrading enzymes --- nursery plants --- plant multiplication --- seeds --- cuttings --- budding --- grafting --- biotechnology