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At the turn of the twentieth century, thousands of Central Asians made the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Traveling long distances, many lived for extended periods in Ottoman cities dotting the routes. Though technically foreigners, these Muslim colonial subjects often blurred the lines between pilgrims and migrants. Not quite Ottoman, and not quite foreign, Central Asians became the sultan's spiritual subjects. Their status was continually negotiated by Ottoman statesmen as attempts to exclude foreign Muslim nationals from the body politic were compromised by a changing international legal order and the caliphate's ecumenical claims. Spiritual Subjects examines the paradoxes of nationality reform and pan-Islamic politics in late Ottoman history. Lâle Can unravels how imperial belonging was wrapped up in deeply symbolic instantiations of religion, as well as prosaic acts and experiences that paved the way to integration into Ottoman communities. A complex system of belonging emerged—one where it was possible for a Muslim to be both, by law, a foreigner and a subject of the Ottoman sultan-caliph. This panoramic story informs broader transregional and global developments, with important implications for how we make sense of subjecthood in the last Muslim empire and the legacy of religion in the Turkish Republic.

Muslim pilgrims and pilgrimages --- History. --- Caliphate. --- Central Asia. --- Ottoman Empire. --- Sufism. --- extraterritoriality. --- hajj pilgrimage. --- nationality reform. --- pan-Islamism. --- protection. --- transimperial. --- Islamic pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages, Muslim --- Muslim travelers --- Pilgrims and pilgrimages --- Turkey --- History --- Ottoman Empire, 1288-1918

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In this dialogue between a famous atheist and a former radical, Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz invite you to join an urgently needed conversation: Is Islam a religion of peace or war? Is it amenable to reform? Why do so many Muslims seem drawn to extremism? The authors demonstrate how two people with very different views can find common ground.

Toleration --- Dialogue --- Religious aspects --- Islam. --- Religious aspects. --- 9/11. --- al qaeda. --- anti muslim sentiment. --- counter extremism strategy. --- debate. --- fighting prejudice. --- hizb ut tahrir. --- how combat extremism. --- isis. --- islamic state. --- islamophobia. --- muslim brotherhood. --- muslim identity crisis. --- pan islamism. --- quran. --- radicalization. --- religious scripture. --- september 11. --- sharia law. --- terrorism.

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A compelling history of the ancient schism that continues to divide the Islamic worldWhen Mohammed died in 632 without a male heir, Sunnis contended that the choice of a successor should fall to his closest companions, but Shi'a believed that God had inspired the Prophet to appoint his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as leader. So began a schism that is nearly as old as Islam itself. Laurence Louër tells the story of this centuries-old rivalry, taking readers from the last days of Mohammed to the political and doctrinal clashes of Sunnis and Shi'a today.In a sweeping historical narrative spanning the Islamic world, Louër shows how the Sunni-Shi'a divide was never just a dispute over succession-at issue are questions about the very nature of Islamic political authority. She challenges the widespread perception of Sunnis and Shi'a as bitter enemies who are perpetually at war with each other, demonstrating how they have coexisted peacefully at various periods throughout the history of Islam. Louër traces how sectarian tensions have been enflamed or calmed depending on the political contingencies of the moment, whether to consolidate the rule of elites, assert clerical control over the state, or defy the powers that be.Timely and provocative, Sunnis and Shi'a provides needed perspective on the historical roots of today's conflicts and reveals how both branches of Islam have influenced and emulated each other in unexpected ways. This compelling and accessible book also examines the diverse regional contexts of the Sunni-Shi'a divide, examining how it has shaped societies and politics in countries such as Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, and Lebanon.

Islam --- Doctrines. --- Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Arab Spring. --- Arab uprisings. --- Arab-Israeli conflict. --- Beyond Sunni and Shia. --- Danny Postel. --- Fatah. --- Frederic Wehrey. --- Gamal Nasser. --- Gaza. --- Geneive Abdo. --- Hamas. --- Hosni Mubarak. --- ISIS. --- Intefada. --- Islamists. --- Jabal Amel. --- Mohamed Morsi. --- Muhammad Qutb. --- Nader Hashemi. --- Nader Shah. --- Osama bin Laden. --- Palestinians. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Sayyid Qutb. --- Sectarianization. --- September 11. --- Shah of Iran. --- The New Sectarianism. --- World Trade Center. --- caliphate. --- sectarianism. --- the Islamic State.

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This text examines how Islam is to be understood in relation to contemporary international relations. It highlights salient characteristics in pan-Islamic theory and its implications.

Panislamism. --- Islam and politics --- Islam and international relations --- Panislamisme --- Islam et politique --- Islam et relations internationales --- Organisation of Islamic Conference --- Islamic countries --- Pays musulmans --- Politics and government. --- Politique et gouvernement --- Panislamism --- Politics and government --- Organisation of Islamic Conference. --- Pan-Islamism --- Islamic Conference Organisation --- Organisation of the Islamic Conference --- Organisasi Konperensi Islam --- Organization of the Islamic Conference --- Munaẓẓamat al-Muʼtamar al-Islāmī --- OIC (Organization) --- O.I.C. (Organization) --- Organisation de la Conférence islamique --- İslâm Konferansı Teşkilatı --- Pertubuhan Persidangan Islam --- Organisation der Islamischen Konferenz --- Organization of Islamic Conference --- OCI (Organization) --- Sāzmān-i Kunfirāns-i Islāmī --- منظمة المؤتمر الاسلامي --- OKI (Organization) --- Organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ Islamskai︠a︡ Konferent︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- OIK (Organization) --- Arabism --- Organisation of Islamic Cooperation --- Islam and politics - Islamic countries --- Islamic countries - Politics and government

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How the conflict between political Islamists and secular-leaning nationalists has shaped the history of the modern Middle EastIn 2013, just two years after the popular overthrow of Hosni Mubarak, the Egyptian military ousted the country's first democratically elected president-Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood-and subsequently led a brutal repression of the Islamist group. These bloody events echoed an older political rift in Egypt and the Middle East: the splitting of nationalists and Islamists during the rule of Egyptian president and Arab nationalist leader Gamal Abdel Nasser. In Making the Arab World, Fawaz Gerges, one of the world's leading authorities on the Middle East, tells how the clash between pan-Arab nationalism and pan-Islamism has shaped the history of the region from the 1920s to the present.Gerges tells this story through an unprecedented dual biography of Nasser and another of the twentieth-century Arab world's most influential figures-Sayyid Qutb, a leading member of the Muslim Brotherhood and the father of many branches of radical political Islam. Their deeply intertwined lives embody and dramatize the divide between Arabism and Islamism. Yet, as Gerges shows, beyond the ideological and existential rhetoric, this is a struggle over the state, its role, and its power.Based on a decade of research, including in-depth interviews with many leading figures in the story, Making the Arab World is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the roots of the turmoil engulfing the Middle East, from civil wars to the rise of Al-Qaeda and ISIS.

Arab nationalism --- Islamic fundamentalism --- HISTORY / Middle East / General. --- Middle East --- history --- political Islam --- religious fundamentalism --- Arab world --- Arabs --- Nationalism --- Politics and government --- Nasser, Gamal Abdel, --- Quṭb, Sayyid, --- ʻAbd-an-Nāṣir, Ǧamāl --- Quṭb, Saiyid --- Muslimbruderschaft --- Since 1945 --- Egypt --- Egypt. --- Middle East. --- Ägypten --- Arabische Staaten --- Arab world. --- Quṭb, Saijid --- Qutb, Sajjed --- Qutb, Sayed --- Qutb, Sayyed --- Quṭb, Sayyid --- Qutb, Sayyid --- Qutb, Seyyid --- Qutb, Syed --- Quthub, Sayyid --- Qutub, Säyyid <<Šehit>> --- Qutup, Säyyid <<Šähid>> --- Qutup, Säyyid --- Qudub, Sayid --- Qotb, Sayed --- Ibn-Ibrāhīm, Saiyid Ibn-Quṭb --- Ibrāhīm, Saiyid Quṭb --- Kotb, Sayed --- Kutub, Seyyid --- Sāḏilī, Sayyid Quṭb Ibrāhīm Ḥusayn --- Šähid Säyyid Qutup --- Saiyid Quṭb Ibrāhīm --- Saijid Quṭb --- Sayed Kotb --- Sayid Qudub --- Sayyid Quṭb --- Šehit Säyyid Qutub --- Seyyid Kutub --- قۇتۇب, سەييىد <<شېھىت>> --- قۇتۇپ, سەييىد <<شەھىد>> --- شەھىد سەييىد قۇتۇپ --- Journalist --- Quṭb, Muḥammad --- 1906-1966 --- 10.09.1906-29.08.1966 --- Abd An-Nasir, Gamal --- ʿAbd an-Nasir, Gamal --- Abdul Nasser, Gamal --- ʿAbd an-Nāṣir, Jamāl --- Abd-el-Nasser, Gamal --- Nāṣir, Ğamāl ʿAbd- <> --- Nasir, Gamal Abdul --- Nasser, Gamal Abdel --- Nasser, Gamal Abdul --- Nasser, Gamal A. --- Naser, Gamal Abdel --- Nasser, Gamal Abd- <> --- Nasser, Gamal Abd-al --- Gamal Abdel Nasser --- Gamal Abd El-Nasser --- Ǧamal ʿAbd-an-Nāṣir --- Abdel Nasser, Gamal --- ʿAbd an-Nāṣir, Ǧamāl --- ʿAbd al-Nāṣir, Jamāl --- Ǧamāl ʿAbd-an-Nāṣir Ḥusain --- Ǧamāl ʿAbd-an-Nāṣir Ibn-Ḥusain --- ʿAbd-an-Nāṣir, Ǧamāl --- Abd an-Nasir, Dschamal --- جمال, ,بد الناصر --- 阿卜杜勒∙納賽尔, 加麥尔 --- 阿卜杜勒∙纳赛尔, 加麦尔 --- 加麦尔∙阿卜杜勒∙纳赛尔 --- 纳赛尔 --- Politiker --- Offizier --- Alexandria --- Kairo --- Marwān, Ašraf --- 1918-1970 --- Kotb, Sayed, --- Kutb, Sayyid, --- Kutub, Seyyid, --- Mohammad Qutb, --- Muḥammad Qut̤b, --- Qotb, Sayed, --- Qotb, Seyyed, --- Qotob, Sayyed, --- Qudub, Sayid, --- Qutb, Mohammad, --- Qut̤b, Muḥammad, --- Quṭb, Saiyid, --- Qutb, Sayed, --- Qutb, Sayyed, --- Qutb, Syed, --- Qutub, Said, --- Qutub, Săyyid, --- Qutup, Săyyid, --- Sayid Qudub, --- Sayyed Qotob, --- Sayyid Quṭb, --- Shādhilī, Sayyid Quṭb Ibrāhīm Ḥusayn, --- ʻAbd al-Nāṣir, Jamāl, --- Abdel Nasser, Gamal, --- Abdolnaser, Jamal, --- Abdul Nasser, Gamal, --- Jamal Abdolnaser, --- Naser, G. A., --- Naser, Gamalʹ Abdelʹ, --- Nasir, Gamal Abdul, --- Quṭb, Sayyid --- سيد قطب --- قطب، سيد --- قطب، سيد، --- עבד אל־נאצר, ג׳מאל --- اصر، جمال عبد ال --- جمال عبد الناصر --- جمال عبد الناصر، --- عبد الناصر، جمال --- عبد الناصر، جمال، --- عبد الناصر، جنال --- عبد ناصر، جمال --- عبدالناصر، جمال --- عبدالناصر، جمال، --- ماصر، جمال عبدال --- ناصر، جمال --- ناصر، جمال عبد --- ناصر، جمال عبد ، --- ناصر، جمال عبد ال --- ناصر، جمال عبد ال، --- ناصر، جمال عبد، --- ناصر، جمال عبدال --- ناصر، جمال. --- ناصر، جمل عبدال --- نسر، گمل ابدل --- نصر.جمال عبدال --- <> Iḫwān al-muslimūn --- <> Iḫwān al-muslimīn --- al-Iḫwān al-muslimūn --- al-Iḫwān al-muslimīn --- Iḫwān muslimūn --- Iḫwān muslimīn --- Moslem Brotherhood --- Muslim Brotherhood --- Frères Musulmans --- Muslim Brothers --- Moslem Brothers --- Muslimbrüder --- Moslembrüder --- Moslembruderschaft --- Jamʿīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn --- Gemeinschaft der Muslimbrüder --- Jamâ'at al-Ikhwân al-Muslimîn --- Society of Muslim Brotherhood --- MB --- Moslem-Bruderschaft --- Muslim-Bruderschaft --- Ikhwan al-Muslimin --- Ikhwan al-Muslimun --- إخوان مسلمون --- الإخوان المسلمون --- <<ال>> إخوان المسلمين --- الإخوان المسلمين --- إخوان مسلمين --- 1928 --- -Since 1945 --- Arabische Länder --- Arabisches Sprachgebiet --- Araber --- Islamische Staaten --- Miṣr --- Chibet --- Ghubt --- Ghibt --- Arabische Republik Ägypten --- Dschumhūriyyat Misr al-ʿarabiyya --- República Árabe de Egipto --- Ŷumhūriyyat Miṣr Al-ʿArabiyyah --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- Ǧumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah --- Arabiese Republiek Egipte --- République arabe d'Égypte --- Jumhuriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah --- Repubblica Araba d'Egitto --- Egyiptomi Arab Köztársaság --- Mısır Arap Cumhuriyeti --- Ǧumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʿArabīya --- ARE --- Egypte --- <> Mamlaka al-Miṣrīya --- <> Daula al-Miṣrīya --- Mısır --- Egapt --- République d'Egypte --- Republic of Egypt --- Egitto --- Kingdom of Egypt --- Republica Arabe de Egipto --- Maṣr --- Ägypter --- Vereinigte Arabische Republik --- <> Iqlīm al-Ǧanūbī --- Ägypten --- -XX.01.1958 --- 1971 --- -Asia, Western --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Eastern Mediterranean Region --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mideast --- Near East --- South West --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Asia --- A.R.E. --- Ancient Egypt --- Egipat --- Egipet --- Egipt --- Egiptos --- Égypte --- Egypten --- Egypti --- Ejiputo --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- Ijiptʻ --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Khēmi --- Maṣr --- Miṣr --- Misri --- Mitsrayim --- United Arab Republic --- 1948 Palestine war. --- Activism. --- Al-Qaeda. --- Al-Tanzim. --- Ancien Régime. --- Anti-imperialism. --- Anwar Sadat. --- Apostasy. --- Arab Spring. --- Arab nationalism. --- Arab socialism. --- Arabs. --- Assassination. --- Authoritarianism. --- Backwardness. --- British Empire. --- Caliphate. --- Capitalism. --- Colonialism. --- Communism. --- Comrade. --- Constitutionalism. --- Copts. --- Criticism. --- Decolonization. --- Dictatorship. --- Dissident. --- Economic liberalization. --- Egyptian Government. --- Egyptians. --- Farid. --- Free Officers Movement (Egypt). --- Gamal Abdel Nasser. --- Governance. --- Habib. --- Hassan al-Banna. --- Hassan al-Hudaybi. --- Hegemony. --- Hosni Mubarak. --- Ideology. --- Imperialism. --- Institution. --- Islam. --- Islamic Group (Lebanon). --- Islamism. --- Jahiliyyah. --- Jihadism. --- Khaled Mohieddin. --- Left-wing politics. --- Manifesto. --- Martyr. --- Marxism. --- Militarization. --- Military occupation. --- Modernity. --- Mohamed Morsi. --- Muhammad. --- Muslim Brotherhood. --- Muslim world. --- Nasserism. --- Nationalist Movement. --- Nationalization. --- Palestinians. --- Pan-Arabism. --- Pan-Islamism. --- Persecution. --- Political party. --- Political philosophy. --- Political system. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Public sphere. --- Quran. --- Qutb. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Radicalization. --- Saddam Hussein. --- Salafi movement. --- Saudi Arabia. --- Sayyid Qutb. --- Sayyid. --- Secularism. --- Security forces. --- Sharia. --- Social movement. --- Sovereignty. --- Supreme Leader of Iran. --- Taha Hussein. --- Tanzim. --- Territorial nationalism. --- Terrorism. --- The Establishment. --- The Islamist. --- The Other Hand. --- Theocracy. --- Wafd Party. --- War. --- Westernization. --- Writing. --- Zionism. --- Islam and state