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This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated to Ugandan data to examine the welfare effects of alternative scenarios of government expenditure and tax financing. Two expenditure types are considered: social spending that affects human capital, and infrastructure expenditures that affect productivity. The paper finds that social expenditures lead to higher economic growth depending on the form of financing; young generations benefit most from social spending financed by consumption taxes; agents do not substitute between human and physical capital as a result of changes in expenditure composition; and improving the productivity of fiscal expenditure is both growth and welfare enhancing.

Labor --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Fiscal Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- Public finance & taxation --- Labour --- income economics --- Expenditure --- Human capital --- Health care spending --- Consumption taxes --- Education spending --- Taxes --- Expenditures, Public --- Spendings tax --- Uganda --- Income economics

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The IMF is increasingly emphasizing "high-quality growth" - that is, growth that is sustainable, that is accompanied by appropriate domestic and external balances, that respects the environment, and that is aided by policies that reduce poverty and foster greater equity. This pamphlet focuses on how the IMF works to reduce poverty and improve equity.

Poverty --- Fiscal policy --- Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- International Monetary Fund. --- Internationaal monetair fonds --- International monetary fund --- Public Finance --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Security and War --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Education spending --- Health care spending --- Defense spending --- Social assistance spending --- Expenditures, Public --- Sri Lanka

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This paper studies the impact of expenditure conditionality in IMF programs on the composition of public spending. A granular dataset on different government expenditure conditions covering 115 countries for the 1992-2016 period is compiled. The results support the view that while conditionality on specific elements of spending could help achieve a program’s short-term objectives, it is structural conditionality which delivers lasting benefits. Structural public financial management conditionality (such as on budget execution and control) has proven to be effective in boosting the long-term level of education, health, and public investment expenditures. The results further indicate that conditionality on raising such spending may come at the expense of other expenditures. Finally, the successful implementation (and not mere existence) of the conditionality is crucial for improved outcomes. These findings are relevant for policy makers targeting achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Bailouts (Government policy) --- Bankruptcy --- Intervention (Federal government) --- Prevention --- Government policy --- Public Finance --- Fiscal Policy --- International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Expenditure --- Health care spending --- Public investment spending --- Education spending --- Total expenditures --- Expenditures, Public --- Public investments

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During the transition process, many existing social sector institutions and policies were significantly eroded and their underlying character changed. As a result, they often do not redistribute to the poorest, nor generally serve the role of facilitating economic change. Social sector reforms have therefore become necessary for reasons of social welfare as well as economic growth. The analysis of eleven transition countries—comprising some of the most advanced as well as some of the poorest transition economies—shows that almost all countries have started to undertake reforms; however, their individual efforts vary. Reform does not only stand for cutting back, but also requires in some cases a building up and in others a redesign of social safety nets; it needs to address insurance issues, budgetary transfer programs, the performance of the health and education sector, as well as the labor market regime and the approach to tax administration.

Public Finance --- Health Policy --- National Government Expenditures and Health --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Comparative Studies of Countries --- Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions: Public Economics --- Education: General --- Analysis of Health Care Markets --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Public finance & taxation --- Education --- Health systems & services --- Pensions --- Health care --- Expenditure --- Health care spending --- Pension spending --- Social assistance spending --- Health --- Expenditures, Public --- Medical care --- Poland, Republic of

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This Selected Issues paper shows that upgrading basic public infrastructure, and road infrastructure, raises productivity among firms, not only for large companies but also for Mexico’s large number of small and micro firms. This finding suggests that greater government spending on road infrastructure will support efforts to raise productivity and growth over the medium term. Mexico’s infrastructure quality has been on a steady decline. World Economic Forum indicators of perceived infrastructure quality show Mexico broadly in line with—or even outperforming—its emerging market and regional peers. Infrastructure quality and access are likely to weaken further at current investment rates. Spending trends compare particularly poorly to investment needs in the case of roads investment. According to the Global Competitiveness Index, the perceived quality of Mexico’s transportation infrastructure is broadly in line with peers. The note provides evidence of the role of infrastructure investment in boosting productivity.

International Monetary Fund. --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Capital investments --- Capital spending --- Education spending --- Expenditure --- Expenditures, Public --- Infrastructure --- Investment & securities --- Investments: Energy --- Macroeconomics --- National Government Expenditures and Education --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs --- Oil and gas leases --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Prices --- Public finance & taxation --- Public Finance --- Social protection spending --- Tax administration and procedure --- Taxation --- Total expenditures --- Mexico