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This book is a printed version of the papers published in the Special Issue “DC & Hybrid Microgrids” of Applied Sciences. This Special Issue, co-organized by the University of Pisa, Italy and Østfold University College in Norway, has collected nine papers and the editorial, from 28 submitted, with authors from Asia, North America and Europe. The published articles provide an overview of the most recent research advances in direct current (DC) and hybrid microgrids, exploiting the opportunities offered by the use of renewable energy sources, battery energy storage systems, power converters, innovative control and energy management strategies.

Technology: general issues --- energy management strategy (EMS) --- distributed generator (DG) --- state of charge (SoC) --- circuit breaker (CB) --- standard test condition (STC) --- photovoltaic (PV) --- solar --- microgrid --- droop control --- patrol base --- islanded DC microgrid --- battery-only operation --- constant power load --- CPL --- floating DC bus --- stability criterion --- power management --- AC/DC distribution network --- distributed generator --- planning --- timing characteristics --- genetic-ant colony hybrid algorithm --- forest microgrid --- biomass energy --- operation mode-based sectional coordinated control --- hybrid energy storage --- predictive control --- inertia improvement --- unbalanced electric bridge --- DC insulation monitoring --- ground capacitance --- three-point climbing algorithm --- islanding detection --- DC grid --- active islanding detection method --- injected signal cancellation --- multi-distributed generations --- perturbation signal --- photovoltaic system --- direct current (DC) microgrid --- stability --- constant power loads --- large transmission line inductive --- simplified circuit model --- virtual negative inductance --- micro-grid --- hybrid micro-grid --- smart grid --- battery energy storage --- renewable energy sources (RES) --- hybrid vehicles (HEV) --- full-electric vehicles (EV) --- Bidirectional converters --- direct current (DC) grid --- hybrid microgrid --- bidirectional converters

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Energy management systems (EMSs) are nowadays considered one of the most relevant technical solutions for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and economy of smart micro/nanogrids, both in terrestrial and vehicular applications. For this reason, the recent technical literature includes numerous technical contributions on EMSs for residential/commercial/vehicular micro/nanogrids that encompass renewable generators and battery storage systems (BSS) The volume “Energy Management Systems for Optimal Operation of Electrical Micro/Nanogrids”, was released as a Special Issue of the journal Energies, published by MDPI, with the aim of expanding the knowledge on EMSs for the optimal operation of electrical micro/nanogrids by presenting topical and high-quality research papers that address open issues in the identified technical field. The volume is a collection of seven research papers authored by research teams from several countries, where different hot topics are accurately explored. The reader will have the possibility to benefit from original scientific results concerning, in particular, the following key topics: distribution systems; smart home/building; battery energy storage; demand uncertainty; energy forecasting; model predictive control; real-time control, microgrid planning; and electrical vehicles.

distribution systems --- smart home --- battery energy storage --- energy forecasting --- model predictive control --- real-time control --- microgrid --- black-start --- islanding --- master–slave control approach --- cold load pickup --- demand–response --- distributed electronic power converters --- optimal power sharing --- power flow control --- real-time simulations --- energy management system --- forecasting error --- rolling horizon --- demand uncertainty --- microgrids --- battery impedance model --- equivalent circuit model --- fractional-order model --- time- domain implementation --- efficient management --- energy resources --- heuristic approach --- nanogrid --- smart buildings --- micro-grid planning --- electrical vehicles --- energy storage --- flexible programming

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Energy management systems (EMSs) are nowadays considered one of the most relevant technical solutions for enhancing the efficiency, reliability, and economy of smart micro/nanogrids, both in terrestrial and vehicular applications. For this reason, the recent technical literature includes numerous technical contributions on EMSs for residential/commercial/vehicular micro/nanogrids that encompass renewable generators and battery storage systems (BSS) The volume “Energy Management Systems for Optimal Operation of Electrical Micro/Nanogrids”, was released as a Special Issue of the journal Energies, published by MDPI, with the aim of expanding the knowledge on EMSs for the optimal operation of electrical micro/nanogrids by presenting topical and high-quality research papers that address open issues in the identified technical field. The volume is a collection of seven research papers authored by research teams from several countries, where different hot topics are accurately explored. The reader will have the possibility to benefit from original scientific results concerning, in particular, the following key topics: distribution systems; smart home/building; battery energy storage; demand uncertainty; energy forecasting; model predictive control; real-time control, microgrid planning; and electrical vehicles.

Technology: general issues --- distribution systems --- smart home --- battery energy storage --- energy forecasting --- model predictive control --- real-time control --- microgrid --- black-start --- islanding --- master–slave control approach --- cold load pickup --- demand–response --- distributed electronic power converters --- optimal power sharing --- power flow control --- real-time simulations --- energy management system --- forecasting error --- rolling horizon --- demand uncertainty --- microgrids --- battery impedance model --- equivalent circuit model --- fractional-order model --- time- domain implementation --- efficient management --- energy resources --- heuristic approach --- nanogrid --- smart buildings --- micro-grid planning --- electrical vehicles --- energy storage --- flexible programming

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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

Technology: general issues --- microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid

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• Reference Manager
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Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a paradigm shift from centralized structures toward more localized, autonomous, dynamic, and bi-directional energy networks, especially in cities and communities. The ability to isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, while their capability of forming scalable energy clusters permits the delivery of services that make the grid more sustainable and competitive. Through an optimal design and management process, microgrids could also provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy and help to improve the operation and stability of regional energy systems. This book covers these promising and dynamic areas of research and development and gathers contributions on different aspects of microgrids in an aim to impart higher degrees of sustainability and resilience to energy systems.

Technology: general issues --- microgrid --- distribution network operator --- double externalities --- subsidy --- PV system --- PI controller --- fuzzy control --- MPPT --- tracking speed --- error --- Micro Grid --- VSG --- power sharing --- inertia support --- energy support --- small signal stability --- day-ahead operational scheduling --- reconfigurable microgrid --- DRNN Bi-LSTM --- aggregated load forecasting --- bulk photovoltaic power generation forecasting --- solar potential assessment --- resource mapping --- geographic information systems (GIS) --- site selection --- Iran --- earthquake --- power distribution network --- resilience improvement planning --- water distribution network --- load disaggregation --- non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) --- dimensionality reduction --- principal component analysis (PCA) --- smart home --- solar renewable --- thermal load --- stochastic operation --- energy storage --- sustainability --- desalination --- renewable energy --- water–energy-nexus --- photovoltaic grid-connected system --- power fluctuation --- DC bus voltage stabilization --- prescribed performance --- command-filtered adaptive backstepping control --- centralized control architecture --- DC microgrid --- distributed control architecture --- electricity price constraint --- hybrid control architecture --- power flow control strategy --- data pre-processing --- electricity theft --- imbalance data --- parameter tuning --- smart grid