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Recorded remittances to Africa have grown dramatically over the past decade. Yet data limitations still mean relatively little is known about which migrants remit, how much they remit, and how their remitting behavior varies with gender, education, income levels, and duration abroad. This paper constructs the most comprehensive remittance database on immigrants in the OECD currently available, containing microdata on more than 12,000 African immigrants. Using this microdata the authors establish several basic facts about the remitting patterns of Africans, and then explore how key characteristics of policy interest relate to remittance behavior. Africans are found to remit twice as much on average as migrants from other developing countries, and those from poorer African countries are more likely to remit than those from richer African countries. Male migrants remit more than female migrants, particularly among those with a spouse remaining in the home country; more-educated migrants remit more than less educated migrants; and although the amount remitted increases with income earned, the gradient is quite flat over a large range of income. Finally, there is little evidence that the amount remitted decays with time spent abroad, with reductions in the likelihood of remitting offset by increases in the amount remitted conditional on remitting.

Brain drain --- Consequences of migration --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Educated migrants --- Female migrants --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gross National Income --- Health --- Home countries --- Immigrants --- International Economics and Trade --- International Migration --- International policy --- Labor force --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration flows --- Nutrition and Population --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Respect --- Spouse

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Recorded remittances to Africa have grown dramatically over the past decade. Yet data limitations still mean relatively little is known about which migrants remit, how much they remit, and how their remitting behavior varies with gender, education, income levels, and duration abroad. This paper constructs the most comprehensive remittance database on immigrants in the OECD currently available, containing microdata on more than 12,000 African immigrants. Using this microdata the authors establish several basic facts about the remitting patterns of Africans, and then explore how key characteristics of policy interest relate to remittance behavior. Africans are found to remit twice as much on average as migrants from other developing countries, and those from poorer African countries are more likely to remit than those from richer African countries. Male migrants remit more than female migrants, particularly among those with a spouse remaining in the home country; more-educated migrants remit more than less educated migrants; and although the amount remitted increases with income earned, the gradient is quite flat over a large range of income. Finally, there is little evidence that the amount remitted decays with time spent abroad, with reductions in the likelihood of remitting offset by increases in the amount remitted conditional on remitting.

Brain drain --- Consequences of migration --- Debt Markets --- Developing countries --- Educated migrants --- Female migrants --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Gender --- Gender and Development --- Gross National Income --- Health --- Home countries --- Immigrants --- International Economics and Trade --- International Migration --- International policy --- Labor force --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Migrant --- Migrants --- Migration flows --- Nutrition and Population --- Policy Research --- Policy Research Working Paper --- Population Policies --- Progress --- Remittance --- Remittances --- Respect --- Spouse

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Over the past 20 years Ukraine experienced fundamental structural changes due to transition to a market economy and integration with the world. Transition reforms accompanied by the collapse of traditional trade and production links with the other republics of the former USSR and Comecon countries entailed asymmetric effects on regions, reflecting an uneven distribution of winners and losers from transition. Geographical mobility of labor is one of the major mechanisms (alongside with capital mobility, wage and price flexibility, and institutional mechanisms for redistributing income across regions) in facilitating regional adjustment to idiosyncratic shocks. The ability of workers to move freely from one geographical location to another inside the borders of their country, in pursuing the same occupation or changing occupations, is of particular importance for efficient matching of labor demand and supply and reducing structural unemployment. This paper seeks to fill gap in the literature on patterns of internal labor mobility in Ukraine, its main characteristics and potential for reducing persistent regional labor market disparities and imbalances in economic and human development. The next chapters of the paper are organized as follows: second chapter evaluates the magnitude of disparities in regional labor market and socio-economic indicators over time, with a special focus on its potential impact on decision of individuals to migrate to another settlement; third chapter provides an overview of the available data sources on internal labor mobility in Ukraine, quantifies internal migration based on aggregate administrative data, discusses its trends over time and compares it levels to those found in developed and transition economies. Fourth chapter provides multivariate statistical analysis of the determinants of inter-regional migration in 2002-2010 based on administrative region-level data. Fifth chapter summarizes the findings of empirical studies on determinants of the migration decision of Ukrainians. Sixth chapter examines short-term labor migration including everyday commuting in 2005-2010 and measures its covariates using individual-level Labor Force Survey (LFS) data. Seventh chapter summarizes the main findings and concludes.

Air Pollution --- Brain Drain --- Divorce --- Drinking Water --- Employment Opportunities --- Female Migrants --- Household Consumption --- Household Surveys --- Housing --- Human Capital --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- Human Resources --- Immigration --- Improving Labor Markets --- Infant Mortality --- Job Creation --- Labor Markets --- Labor Mobility --- Life Expectancy --- Living Standards --- Market Economy --- Migrant Workers --- Mortality --- Mortality Rate --- National Security --- Occupations --- On-the-Job Training --- Population Density --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Private Sector --- Public Sector Employees --- Quality of Life --- Regional Differences --- Remittances --- Retirement --- Return Migration --- Rural Population --- Rural-Urban Migration --- Secondary Education --- Skilled Workers --- Social Development --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Unemployment --- Urban Areas --- Urban Population --- Urbanization

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2 <05> --- 2 <05> Godsdienst. Theologie--Tijdschriften --- Godsdienst. 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