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Enzyme-mediated catalysis offers special advantages over chemical methods. First of all, enzymes are considered an environmentally friendly tool as they help to avoid the requirements of toxic chemicals and high energy. In addition, more feasible processes can be accomplished through enzymatic reactions owing to the enzyme’s innate properties related to high substrate specificity and selectivity. For this reason, biotechnological production of a wide range of products, such as alternative fuels and value-added biochemicals, has been commercially applicable with the aid of enzymes, either in isolated form or in the whole-cell system. In particular, enzymatic transformation of low-value but cheap/abundant starting materials (i.g. biomass) into high-value materials can facilitate the circular and sustainable bioeconomy. This Special Issue on “Enzyme Catalysis: Advances, Techniques, and Outlooks” consists of six articles, which address diverse industrially relevant enzymes with applications in foods, detergent, cosmetics, medicine, etc. A robust methodology related to enzyme kinetics is also addressed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- CYP102A1 --- atorvastatin --- 4-hydroxy atorvastatin --- hydrogen peroxide --- P450 peroxygenase --- NADPH --- enzyme inhibition --- integrated Michaelis-Menten equations --- reaction product inhibition --- two mutually exclusive inhibitors --- protease --- detergent --- surfactant --- cleaning --- glucose isomerase --- xylose isomerase --- high-fructose corn syrup --- HFCS --- bioethanol --- structure --- l-fucose isomerase --- l-fucose --- l-fuculose --- extremophile --- halothermophilic bacteria --- Halothermothrix orenii --- lysozyme --- muramidase --- N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase --- human --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- NAG --- crystal structure --- CYP102A1 --- atorvastatin --- 4-hydroxy atorvastatin --- hydrogen peroxide --- P450 peroxygenase --- NADPH --- enzyme inhibition --- integrated Michaelis-Menten equations --- reaction product inhibition --- two mutually exclusive inhibitors --- protease --- detergent --- surfactant --- cleaning --- glucose isomerase --- xylose isomerase --- high-fructose corn syrup --- HFCS --- bioethanol --- structure --- l-fucose isomerase --- l-fucose --- l-fuculose --- extremophile --- halothermophilic bacteria --- Halothermothrix orenii --- lysozyme --- muramidase --- N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase --- human --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- NAG --- crystal structure

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Enzyme-mediated catalysis offers special advantages over chemical methods. First of all, enzymes are considered an environmentally friendly tool as they help to avoid the requirements of toxic chemicals and high energy. In addition, more feasible processes can be accomplished through enzymatic reactions owing to the enzyme’s innate properties related to high substrate specificity and selectivity. For this reason, biotechnological production of a wide range of products, such as alternative fuels and value-added biochemicals, has been commercially applicable with the aid of enzymes, either in isolated form or in the whole-cell system. In particular, enzymatic transformation of low-value but cheap/abundant starting materials (i.g. biomass) into high-value materials can facilitate the circular and sustainable bioeconomy. This Special Issue on “Enzyme Catalysis: Advances, Techniques, and Outlooks” consists of six articles, which address diverse industrially relevant enzymes with applications in foods, detergent, cosmetics, medicine, etc. A robust methodology related to enzyme kinetics is also addressed.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- CYP102A1 --- atorvastatin --- 4-hydroxy atorvastatin --- hydrogen peroxide --- P450 peroxygenase --- NADPH --- enzyme inhibition --- integrated Michaelis–Menten equations --- reaction product inhibition --- two mutually exclusive inhibitors --- protease --- detergent --- surfactant --- cleaning --- glucose isomerase --- xylose isomerase --- high-fructose corn syrup --- HFCS --- bioethanol --- structure --- l-fucose isomerase --- l-fucose --- l-fuculose --- extremophile --- halothermophilic bacteria --- Halothermothrix orenii --- lysozyme --- muramidase --- N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase --- human --- N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase --- NAG --- crystal structure --- n/a --- integrated Michaelis-Menten equations

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Moving towards a sustainable and green economy requires the use of renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. In such a scenario, the use of lignocellulosic biomass and waste streams plays an important role, as it consists of abundant renewable resources. The complex nature of lignocellulosic biomass dictates the use of a pretreatment process prior to any further processing. Traditional methods of biomass pretreatment fail to recover cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in clean streams. It has been recognized that the efficient use of all the main fractions of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) is an important step towards a financially sustainable biomass biorefinery. In this context, switching from biomass pretreatment to biomass fractionation can offer a sustainable solution to recover relatively clean streams of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This Special issue aims at exploring the most advanced solutions in biomass and waste pretreatment and fractionation techniques, together with novel (thermo)chemical and biochemical processes for the conversion of fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin to bioenergy, bio-based chemicals, and biomaterials, including the application of such products (i.e., use of biochar for filtration and metallurgical processes), as well as recent developments in kinetic, thermodynamic, and numeric modeling of conversion processes. The scope of this Special Issue will also cover progress in advanced measuring methods and techniques used in the characterization of biomass, waste, and products.

Technology: general issues --- Acacia tortilis --- biofuel --- biomass --- pine dust --- pyrolysis --- Napier grass --- bioethanol --- biomass fractionation --- enzyme hydrolysis --- acid pretreatment --- alkali pretreatment --- microwave-assisted pretreatment --- pretreatment parameters --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- glucose --- xylose --- lignocellulosic sugars --- microbial lipid --- olive mill wastewater --- Cryptococcus curvatus --- Lipomyces starkeyi --- lignin --- organosolv fractionation --- TGA --- 31P NMR --- HSQC --- heat treatment --- charcoal --- electrical resistivity --- coal --- coke --- high-temperature treatment --- organosolv --- Kraft lignin --- etherification --- lignin functionalization --- thermoplastics --- oxidative lignin upgrade --- catalytic lignin oxidation --- vanadate --- molybdate --- ionosolv --- biomimetic --- bio-based reductant --- ferroalloy industry --- kiln --- 2nd generation sugars --- lignocellulose --- hydrolyzate --- biorefinery --- furfural --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- bioeconomy --- life cycle assessment --- sustainable biomass growth --- mining --- metallurgical coke --- n/a

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Moving towards a sustainable and green economy requires the use of renewable resources for the production of fuels, chemicals, and materials. In such a scenario, the use of lignocellulosic biomass and waste streams plays an important role, as it consists of abundant renewable resources. The complex nature of lignocellulosic biomass dictates the use of a pretreatment process prior to any further processing. Traditional methods of biomass pretreatment fail to recover cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in clean streams. It has been recognized that the efficient use of all the main fractions of lignocellulosic biomass (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) is an important step towards a financially sustainable biomass biorefinery. In this context, switching from biomass pretreatment to biomass fractionation can offer a sustainable solution to recover relatively clean streams of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This Special issue aims at exploring the most advanced solutions in biomass and waste pretreatment and fractionation techniques, together with novel (thermo)chemical and biochemical processes for the conversion of fractionated cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin to bioenergy, bio-based chemicals, and biomaterials, including the application of such products (i.e., use of biochar for filtration and metallurgical processes), as well as recent developments in kinetic, thermodynamic, and numeric modeling of conversion processes. The scope of this Special Issue will also cover progress in advanced measuring methods and techniques used in the characterization of biomass, waste, and products.

Technology: general issues --- Acacia tortilis --- biofuel --- biomass --- pine dust --- pyrolysis --- Napier grass --- bioethanol --- biomass fractionation --- enzyme hydrolysis --- acid pretreatment --- alkali pretreatment --- microwave-assisted pretreatment --- pretreatment parameters --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- glucose --- xylose --- lignocellulosic sugars --- microbial lipid --- olive mill wastewater --- Cryptococcus curvatus --- Lipomyces starkeyi --- lignin --- organosolv fractionation --- TGA --- 31P NMR --- HSQC --- heat treatment --- charcoal --- electrical resistivity --- coal --- coke --- high-temperature treatment --- organosolv --- Kraft lignin --- etherification --- lignin functionalization --- thermoplastics --- oxidative lignin upgrade --- catalytic lignin oxidation --- vanadate --- molybdate --- ionosolv --- biomimetic --- bio-based reductant --- ferroalloy industry --- kiln --- 2nd generation sugars --- lignocellulose --- hydrolyzate --- biorefinery --- furfural --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- bioeconomy --- life cycle assessment --- sustainable biomass growth --- mining --- metallurgical coke --- Acacia tortilis --- biofuel --- biomass --- pine dust --- pyrolysis --- Napier grass --- bioethanol --- biomass fractionation --- enzyme hydrolysis --- acid pretreatment --- alkali pretreatment --- microwave-assisted pretreatment --- pretreatment parameters --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- glucose --- xylose --- lignocellulosic sugars --- microbial lipid --- olive mill wastewater --- Cryptococcus curvatus --- Lipomyces starkeyi --- lignin --- organosolv fractionation --- TGA --- 31P NMR --- HSQC --- heat treatment --- charcoal --- electrical resistivity --- coal --- coke --- high-temperature treatment --- organosolv --- Kraft lignin --- etherification --- lignin functionalization --- thermoplastics --- oxidative lignin upgrade --- catalytic lignin oxidation --- vanadate --- molybdate --- ionosolv --- biomimetic --- bio-based reductant --- ferroalloy industry --- kiln --- 2nd generation sugars --- lignocellulose --- hydrolyzate --- biorefinery --- furfural --- hydroxymethylfurfural --- bioeconomy --- life cycle assessment --- sustainable biomass growth --- mining --- metallurgical coke

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In this book, the performance of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts applied in biomass processing was assessed, paying special attention to the main advantages and challenges related to their use. Indeed, these challenges are opportunities to develop new research lines that could be fruitful in the near future. Thus, different studies are included, dealing with diverse subjects, with one main goal in common: the improvement of different aspects related to biomass processing through the use of catalysts.

Research & information: general --- nanospheroids --- zinc-doped CaO --- natural triglycerides --- aminolysis --- heterogeneous catalyst --- recyclability --- catalyst --- sodium hydroxide --- fatty acid methyl ester --- central composite rotatable design --- operational conditions --- aerated irrigation --- soil enzyme activity --- soil microbial biomass --- soil respiration --- bio-derived phenol --- Ni-Cu-Co/Al2O3 --- in-situ hydrodeoxygenation --- cyclohexane --- hydrogenolysis --- biomass --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 2,5-furandicrboxylic acid --- aerobic oxidation --- metal catalysts --- acid catalysis --- biodiesel --- biofuel --- esterification --- fatty acid --- methanolysis --- molybdenum oxide --- transesterification --- vegetable oil --- fatty acid methyl esters --- 2-ethyl-1-hexanol --- 1-heptanol --- 4-methyl-2-pentanol --- viscosity --- flash and combustion points --- methyl oleate --- methyl ricinoleate --- cellulase --- cellulose --- paper sludge --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- synergism --- furfural --- carbon-supported catalyst --- xylose conversion --- iron --- heterogeneous catalysts --- thermoset polymer --- epoxy --- cellulose nanofiber --- curing characteristics --- thermal properties --- mechanical properties --- RSM --- numerical optimization --- keratinase --- feather --- Bacillus sp. --- amino acids --- n/a