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Is there evidence from China's pre-WTO accession period that newly imposed U.S. or EU import restrictions deflect Chinese exports to third markets? The authors examine this question by drawing on a newly constructed data set of U.S. and EU product-level import restrictions on Chinese trade imposed between 1992 and 2001 and estimate their impact on Chinese exports to 38 alternative markets. There is no systematic evidence that the import restrictions imposed during this period resulted in Chinese exports surging to such alternate destinations. To the contrary, there is weak evidence of a chilling effect on China's exports to third markets.

Antidumping --- Antidumping measures --- Economic Theory & Research --- Export Growth --- Exporters --- Exports --- Free Trade --- Global exports --- Global markets --- Import protection --- Import restrictions --- International Economics and Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market access --- Markets and Market Access --- Reciprocity --- Trade concessions --- Trade Deflection --- Trade Law --- Trade patterns --- Trade policies --- Trade Policy --- Trade restrictions --- World Trade --- World Trade Organization --- World Trading System

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This paper examines newly available data from the World Bank-sponsored Global Antidumping Database tracking the worldwide use of trade remedies such as antidumping, countervailing duties, global safeguards and China-specific safeguards during the current economic crisis. The data indicate a marked increase in WTO members' combined resort to these instruments beginning in 2008 that continued into the first quarter 2009. The use of these import-restricting instruments is increasingly affecting "South-South" trade, id est, developing country importers initiating and imposing new protectionist measures primarily affecting developing country exporters, with a special emphasis on exports from China. However, the collective value of imports in 2007 for the major (G-20) economies that has subsequently come under attack by the use of import-restricting trade remedies during the period of 2008 to early 2009 is likely less than USD 29 billion, or less than 0.45 per cent of these economies' total imports, though there is substantial variation across countries. While the level of trade affected thus far may be small for most of these economies, a first assessment of some of the case-level data identifies a number of ways in which the crisis use of these import-restricting trade remedies may have economically important welfare-distorting effects on economic activity.

Competitiveness concerns --- Countervailing duties --- Countervailing measures --- Domestic industry --- Dumped imports --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange rate --- Financial crisis --- Foreign countries --- Free Trade --- Import competition --- Import restrictions --- International bank --- International business --- International Economics & Trade --- International trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy basis --- Policy research --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Trade barrier --- Trade flows --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Trade policy --- Trade remedies --- World trading system

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Does foreign aid spent on trade facilitation increase trade flows of developing countries? There is an on-going and high profile discussion of aid-for-trade associated with the Doha negotiations of the World Trade Organization. There continue also questions about how best to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The analysis in this paper explicitly considers how to target aid most effectively to increase trade - a fundamental question related to the crisis and policy debate over restarting the world trading system. Using detailed data on aid flows from the OECD, the analysis here estimates the responsiveness of trade flows to specific types of foreign aid. The findings indicate that aid directed toward promoting trade enhances the trade performance of recipient countries: a 1 percent increase in aid directed toward trade policy and regulatory reform (amounting to about USD 11.7 million more such aid) could generate an increase in global trade of about USD 818 million. This yields a "rate of return" on every dollar of this type of aid of about USD 697 in additional trade. As the dollar aid flow is relatively small, such targeted aid mitigates concerns about absorptive capacity and real exchange rate appreciation, which may accompany larger disbursements.

Absorptive capacity --- Customs clearance --- Customs Unions --- Economic Theory and Research --- Free Trade --- Global markets --- Global trade --- Gravity models --- Impact of trade --- International Economics & Trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Sector Development --- Real exchange rate --- Real exchange rates --- Safety standards --- Trade costs --- Trade effects --- Trade facilitation --- Trade flows --- Trade Law --- Trade negotiations --- Trade news --- Trade performance --- Trade Policy --- Transport --- Transport and Trade Logistics --- World trade --- World Trade Organization --- World trading system

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This paper examines newly available data from the World Bank-sponsored Global Antidumping Database tracking the worldwide use of trade remedies such as antidumping, countervailing duties, global safeguards and China-specific safeguards during the current economic crisis. The data indicate a marked increase in WTO members' combined resort to these instruments beginning in 2008 that continued into the first quarter 2009. The use of these import-restricting instruments is increasingly affecting "South-South" trade, id est, developing country importers initiating and imposing new protectionist measures primarily affecting developing country exporters, with a special emphasis on exports from China. However, the collective value of imports in 2007 for the major (G-20) economies that has subsequently come under attack by the use of import-restricting trade remedies during the period of 2008 to early 2009 is likely less than USD 29 billion, or less than 0.45 per cent of these economies' total imports, though there is substantial variation across countries. While the level of trade affected thus far may be small for most of these economies, a first assessment of some of the case-level data identifies a number of ways in which the crisis use of these import-restricting trade remedies may have economically important welfare-distorting effects on economic activity.

Competitiveness concerns --- Countervailing duties --- Countervailing measures --- Domestic industry --- Dumped imports --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Exchange rate --- Financial crisis --- Foreign countries --- Free Trade --- Import competition --- Import restrictions --- International bank --- International business --- International Economics & Trade --- International trade --- Law and Development --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Policy basis --- Policy research --- Private Sector Development --- Public Sector Development --- Trade barrier --- Trade flows --- Trade Law --- Trade Policy --- Trade policy --- Trade remedies --- World trading system

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Economic law --- Commercial law --- Law of international organizations --- World Trade Organization --- Doha Development Round --- World trading system --- WTO --- World Trade Organization. --- Doha Development Round. --- World trading system. --- WTO. --- Biśva Bāṇijya Saṃsthā --- Dėlkhiĭn Khudaldaany Baĭguullaga --- DTÖ --- Dünya Ticaret Örgütü --- Munaẓẓamat al-Tijārah al-ʻĀlamīyah --- O.M.C. --- OMC --- ʻOngkān Kānkhā Lōk --- Organisation mondiale du commerce --- Organização Mundial do Comércio --- Organización Mundial de Comercio --- Organización Mundial del Comercio --- Organizația Mondială de Comerț --- Organizzazione mondiale del commercio --- Organizzazione mondiale per il commercio --- Qaṅgkār Bāṇijjakamm Bibhab Lok --- Sāzmān-i Tijārat-i Jahānī --- Shi jie mao yi zu zhi --- SOT --- Světová obchodní organizace --- Svitova orhanizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ torhivli --- Światowa Organizacja Handlu --- Tổ chức thương mại thế giới --- Viśva Vyapāra Saṅgaṭhana --- Vsemirnai︠a︡ torgovai︠a︡ organizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ --- VTO --- W.T.O. --- Welthandelsorganisation --- World Trade Organisation --- منظمة التجارة العالمية --- 世界貿易組織 --- 世界贸易组织 --- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization) --- DROIT ECONOMIQUE INTERNATIONAL --- ORGANISATION MONDIALE DU COMMERCE ( OMC ) --- VIE INTERNATIONALE --- REFORME --- ACTEURS --- ORGANISATIONS INTERGOUVERNEMENTALES