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Aim : Erythrophleum species and gene pools, despite being morphologically similar, oc-
cupy contrasted habitats. The aim of this work is to determine if Erythrophleum species
and gene pools respond differently to shade and drought, to understand the underlying
mechanisms that explain these differences by measuring traits on control seedlings, and
finally to understand if these differences can explain their distribution patterns.
Location : Industrial site of Pallisco-CIFM in Mindourou, Cameroon, and two zones
in southern (Dja-and-Lobo department) and central Cameroon (Mba-and-Kim depart-
ment).
Methods : The work consisted of an in situ and a drought and shade experiment. Dur-
ing the in situ experiment, two zones where species or gene pools are coexisting were
sampled. During the drought/shade experiment, two modalities of drought (watered or
non watered) and two modality of light (low light and hight light) were tested on 190
seedlings from two species and six gene pools to compare their response to stress. At the
end of the experiment, functional traits were measured on 56 control seedlings.
Results : Allometric models have been calculated and phenophases compared for field
individuals sampled in the field of two gene pools. Differences of phenophases and crown
shape have been highlighted. No clear difference between species and gene pools were
observed experimentally in seedling survival and response to drought and shade. Differ-
ences of functional traits have been found between species and gene pools, suaW having
more drought-adapted traits than any other pool.
Main conclusions : Dry forests gene pools had more drought tolerant traits than pools
found in wetter forests, but did not show more resistance to drought or more sensitivity
to shade in the drought/shade experiment. A difference exist but is thin because of
the morphological proximity of the pools and species, supporting the ecological gradient
hypothesis.

Tropical forests, Central Africa, Cameroon, Erythrophleum, ecological specialisation, trade-offs, gene pools, functional traits, allometry, diversification, stress tolerance --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie

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Increasing fragmentation of production across borders is changing the nature of international competition. As a result, conventional indicators of competitiveness based on gross exports are becoming less informative and new measures are needed. This paper proposes an ex-post accounting framework of the value added and workers that are directly and indirectly related to the production of final manufacturing goods. The framework focuses on manufactures global value chain income and manufactures global value chain jobs. The paper outlines these concepts and provides trends in European countries based on a recent multi-sector, input-output model of the world economy. The analysis finds that since 1995, revealed comparative advantage of the European Union 27 is shifting to activities related to the production of nonelectrical machinery and transport equipment. The workers involved in manufactures global value chains are increasingly in services, rather than manufacturing industries. The analysis also finds a strong shift toward activities carried out by high-skilled workers, highlighting the uneven distributional effects of fragmentation. The results show that a global value chain perspective is needed to inform the policy debates on competitiveness.

Competitiveness --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Fragmentation --- General Manufacturing --- Global Value Chains --- Industry --- Labor Policies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Markets & Market Access --- Private Sector Development --- Social Protections and Labor --- Specialisation

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DROIT EUROPEEN DE LA CONCURRENCE --- RECHERCHE ET DEVELOPPEMENT --- LIBRE CIRCULATION DES MARCHANDISES --- DROIT EUROPEEN DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT --- CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DES DROITS DE L'HOMME (CEDH) --- ARTICLES 81, 82 ET 86 DU TRAITE DE ROME --- GENERALITES / DEFINITIONS --- ACCORD DE COOPERATION --- CARTELS --- UNION EUROPEENNE --- CONTRAT DE DISTRIBUTION --- AIDE D'ETAT --- ABUS DE POSITION DOMINANTE --- AGENCE --- FRANCHISE --- TRANSFERT DE TECHNOLOGIES --- ACCORD DE SPECIALISATION --- JOINT VENTURE --- SERVICES D'INTERET GENERAL --- PROCEDURE --- ANTI-DUMPING --- POLITIQUE COMMERCIALE --- FUSIONS ET ACQUISITIONS --- CHARBON ET ACIER

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The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com/doi/view/10.4324/9781315401867, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 3.0 license. This book brings together academics, members of European institutions, and regional and national level policymakers in order to assess the performance and direction of EU Cohesion policy against the background of the most significant reforms to the policy in a generation. Responding to past criticisms of the effectiveness of the policy, the policy changes introduced in 2013 have aligned European Structural and Investment Funds with the Europe 2020 strategy and introduced measures to improve strategic coherence, performance and integrated development. EU Cohesion Policy: Reassessing performance and direction argues that policy can only be successfully developed and implemented if there is input from both academics and practitioners. The chapters in the book address four important issues: the effectiveness and impact of Cohesion policy at European, national and regional levels; the contribution of Cohesion policy to the Europe 2020 strategy of smart, sustainable and inclusive growth; the importance of quality of government and administrative capacity for the effective management of the Funds; and the inter-relationships between institutions, territory and place-based policies. The volume will be an invaluable resource to students, academics and policymakers across economics, regional studies, European studies and international relations.

Structural adjustment (Economic policy) --- Regional planning --- European Union countries --- Economic integration. --- Regional disparities. --- EU countries --- Euroland --- Europe --- EU --- Cohesion --- Policy --- Economics --- Regional Studies Association --- RSA --- Development --- Policy Makers --- Growth --- Poland --- Latvia --- Diversity --- Smart Specialisation --- Unemployment --- Iain Begg --- David Charles --- Laura Polverari --- Riccardo Crescenzi --- Mara Giua --- Grzegorz Gorzelak --- Jerzy Pieńkowski --- Peter Berkowitz --- Nicola Pontarollo --- Piotr Rosik --- Marcin Stępniak --- Tomasz Komornicki --- Aleksandrs Dahs --- Henning Kroll --- Elizabeth Sanderson --- Peter Wells --- Ian Wilson --- Leaza McSorley --- Jim Campbell --- Jale Tosun --- Stefan Speckesser --- Carsten Jensen --- Jacqueline O'Reilly --- Neculai-Cristian Surubaru --- Mih Fazekas --- IstvJs Tth --- Andrey Demidov --- Gergő Medve-Bnt --- Septimiu-Rares Szabo --- Ugo Fratesi --- Giovanni Perucca --- Liga Baltiņa --- Tatjana Muravska --- IvTosics --- Jacek Zaucha

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Ants are a ubiquitous, highly diverse, and ecologically dominant faunal group. They represent a large proportion of global terrestrial faunal biomass and play key ecological roles as soil engineers, predators, and re-cyclers of nutrients. They have particularly important interactions with plants as defenders against herbivores, as seed dispersers, and as seed predators. One downside to the ecological importance of ants is that they feature on the list of the world’s worst invasive species. Ants have also been important for science as model organisms for studies of diversity, biogeography, and community ecology. Despite such importance, ants remain remarkably understudied. A large proportion of species are undescribed, the biogeographic histories of most taxa remain poorly known, and we have a limited understanding of spatial patterns of diversity and composition, along with the processes driving them. The papers in this Special Issue collectively address many of the most pressing questions relating to ant diversity. What is the level of ant diversity? What is the origin of this diversity, and how is it distributed at different spatial scales? What are the roles of niche partitioning and competition as regulators of local diversity? How do ants affect the ecosystems within which they occur? The answers to these questions provide valuable insights not just for ants, but for biodiversity more generally.

ant diversity --- cryptic species --- morphospecies --- species delimitation --- sympatric association --- endosymbiont --- ant --- vertical transmission --- biogeography --- ancestral state reconstruction --- phylogeny --- ants --- community structure --- physiology --- interactions --- temperature --- behavioral interactions --- coexistence --- co-occurrence --- competitive exclusion --- dominance --- Formicidae --- scale --- Dolichoderinae --- species distribution models --- climatic gradients --- wet tropics --- climate change --- invasion ecology --- invasive species --- red imported fire ant --- commensalism --- gopher tortoise --- diversity --- conservation --- burrow commensal --- soil arthropods --- pitfall --- bait --- turnover --- food specialisation --- stratification --- sampling methods --- hypogaeic --- species richness --- species occurrence --- endemic species --- distribution ranges --- dispersal routes --- centre of origin --- refugium areas --- antbird --- army ant --- biodiversity --- biological indicator --- deforestation --- habitat fragmentation --- myrmecophiles --- mimicry --- species interactions --- tropics --- biological invasions --- species checklist --- urban ecology --- n/a