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All living beings try to save effort, and humans are no exception. This groundbreaking book shows how we save time and energy during communication by unconsciously making efficient choices in grammar, lexicon and phonology. It presents a new theory of 'communicative efficiency', the idea that language is designed to be as efficient as possible, as a system of communication. The new framework accounts for the diverse manifestations of communicative efficiency across a typologically broad range of languages, using various corpus-based and statistical approaches to explain speakers' bias towards efficiency. The author's unique interdisciplinary expertise allows her to provide rich evidence from a broad range of language sciences. She integrates diverse insights from over a hundred years of research into this comprehensible new theory, which she presents step-by-step in clear and accessible language. It is essential reading for language scientists, cognitive scientists and anyone interested in language use and communication.

Economia (Lingüística) --- Pragmàtica (Lingüística) --- Comunicació --- Comunicació humana --- Comunicació social --- Sociologia --- Arts del llenguatge --- Cibernètica --- Ciències de la informació --- Competència comunicativa --- Comunicació en l'educació --- Comunicació en l'empresa --- Comunicació en la família --- Comunicació escrita --- Comunicació intercultural --- Comunicació internacional --- Comunicació interpersonal --- Comunicació no verbal --- Comunicació oral --- Comunicació visual --- Comunicacions --- Cultura participativa --- Cultura popular --- Desinformació --- Interaccionisme simbòlic --- Mitjans de comunicació de massa --- Persuasió (Psicologia) --- Relacions públiques --- Teoria de la informació --- Xafarderia --- Llenguatge i llengües --- Presa d'apunts --- Qüestionament --- Semàntica (Filosofia) --- Sociologia de la comunicació --- Pragmalingüística --- Pragmàtica --- Filosofia del llenguatge --- Lògica matemàtica --- Semàntica --- Marcadors del discurs --- Economia lingüística --- Eficiència (Lingüística) --- Anàlisi lingüística --- Lingüística --- Communication. --- Economy (Linguistics) --- Pragmatics. --- General semantics --- Language and languages --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical --- Semantics (Philosophy) --- Efficiency (Linguistics) --- Linguistic economy --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) --- Linguistics --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Sociology --- Philosophy --- Communication --- Pragmatics

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This book deals with one the most interesting aspects of human life—the search for meaning. It discusses how the science of semiotics is equipped to provide insight on what meaning is and how we produce it. Why is it that certain people routinely put their survival at risk by smoking? Why is it that some women make locomotion difficult for themselves by donning high-heel footwear? Are there unconscious forces at work behind such strange behaviors? This book will attempt to answer such questions by claiming that these behaviors are meaningful in culture-specific ways. The discipline that studies such behaviors and their relation to meanings is called semiotics. Semiotics probes the human condition in its own peculiar way, by unraveling the meanings of signs, which motivate not only the wearing of high heel shoes, but also the construction of words and art forms. Now in its third edition, this landmark introduction to semiotics has been updated with a wealth of new content, focusing on the many developments in digital culture since the previous edition. With the addition of topics such as memes, Selfies, social media profiles, and even Mafia discourse, the new edition comprehensively covers new trends in culture while streamlining treatments of basic semiotics contents. Marcel Danesi is Professor of Semiotics and Anthropology at the University of Toronto, Canada. He is renowned for his work in several areas of semiotic study, including pop culture and metaphor. He has been a guest on several broadcast outlets, including National Public Radio. Among his major recent publications are The History of the Kiss (2013) and Murder in Plain English, with Michael Arntfield (2016). His work has been featured in the New York Times, Toronto Star, and Psychology Today, among other print publications. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of Semiotica, the leading journal in semiotics.

Culture—Study and teaching. --- Communication. --- Semiotics. --- Popular Culture. --- Ethnology. --- Sociolinguistics. --- Popular Science in Cultural and Media Studies. --- Media and Communication. --- Popular Culture . --- Cultural Anthropology. --- Semeiotics --- Semiology (Linguistics) --- Semantics --- Signs and symbols --- Structuralism (Literary analysis) --- Language and languages --- Language and society --- Society and language --- Sociology of language --- Language and culture --- Linguistics --- Sociology --- Integrational linguistics (Oxford school) --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- Culture, Popular --- Mass culture --- Pop culture --- Popular arts --- Communication --- Intellectual life --- Mass society --- Recreation --- Culture --- Social aspects --- Sociological aspects --- Comunicació --- Sociolingüística --- Semiòtica --- Semiologia (Lingüística) --- Semàntica --- Simbolisme --- Anàlisi del discurs --- Intertextualitat --- Multimodalitat --- Onomasiologia --- Simbolisme fònic --- Semiòtica de l'arquitectura --- Llenguatge i societat --- Sociologia del llenguatge --- Lingüística --- Llenguatge i llengües --- Sociologia --- Demografia lingüística --- Diglòssia --- Discriminació lingüística --- Expansió de la llengua --- Hipòtesi de Sapir-Whorf --- Identitat lingüística --- Llengües mortes --- Minories lingüístiques --- Pèrdua de les llengües --- Planificació lingüística --- Racisme en el llenguatge --- Sociologia de la literatura --- Ecolingüística --- Llengua i cultura --- Comunicació humana --- Comunicació social --- Arts del llenguatge --- Cibernètica --- Ciències de la informació --- Competència comunicativa --- Comunicació en l'educació --- Comunicació en l'empresa --- Comunicació en la família --- Comunicació escrita --- Comunicació intercultural --- Comunicació internacional --- Comunicació interpersonal --- Comunicació no verbal --- Comunicació oral --- Comunicació visual --- Comunicacions --- Cultura participativa --- Cultura popular --- Desinformació --- Interaccionisme simbòlic --- Mitjans de comunicació de massa --- Persuasió (Psicologia) --- Relacions públiques --- Teoria de la informació --- Xafarderia --- Presa d'apunts --- Qüestionament --- Semàntica (Filosofia) --- Sociologia de la comunicació

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In a neo-liberal era concerned with discourses of responsible individualism and the ‘selfie’, there is an increased interest in personal lives and experiences. In contemporary life, the personal is understood to be political and these ideas cut across both the social sciences and humanities. This handbook is specifically concerned with auto/biography, which sits within the field of narrative, complementing biographical and life history research. Some of the contributors emphasise the place of narrative in the construction of auto/biography, whilst others disrupt the perceived boundaries between the individual and the social, the self and the other. The collection has nine sections: creativity and collaboration; families and relationships; epistolary lives; geography; madness; prison lives; professional lives; ‘race’; and social justice and disability. They illustrate the inter- and multi-disciplinary nature of auto/biography as a field. Each section features an introduction from a section editor, many of whom are established researchers and/or members of the British Sociological Association (BSA) Auto/Biography study group. The handbook provides the reader with cutting-edge research from authors at different stages in their careers, and will appeal to those with an interest in auto/biography, auto-ethnography, epistolary traditions, lived experiences, narrative analysis, the arts, education, politics, philosophy, history, personal life, reflexivity, research in practice and the sociology of the everyday. Chapter 1: A Case for Auto/Biography; Julie Parsons and Anne Chappell. Section One: Creativity and Collaboration; edited by Gayle Letherby. Chapter 2: The Times are a Changing: Culture(s) of Medicine; Theresa Compton. Chapter 3: Seventeen Minutes and Thirty-One Seconds: An Auto/Biographical Account of Collaboratively Witnessing and Representing an Untold Life Story; Kitrina Douglas and David Carless. Chapter 4: Reflections on a Collaborative, Creative 'Working' Relationship; Deborah Davidson and Gayle Letherby. Section Two: Families and Relationships: Auto/Biography and Family, A Natural Affinity?; edited by David Morgan. Chapter 5: Life Story and Narrative Approaches in the Study of Family Lives; Julia Brannen. Chapter 6: The Research Methods for Discovering Housing Inequalities in Socio-Biographical Studies; Elizaveta Polukhina. Chapter 7: Auto/Biographical Research and The Family; Aidan Seery and Karin Bacon. Section Three: Epistolary Lives: Fragments, Sensibility, Assemblages in Auto/Biographical Research; edited by Maria Tamboukou. Chapter 8: Letter-Writing and the Actual Course of Things: Doing the Business, Helping the World Go Round; Liz Stanley. Chapter 9: The Unforeseeable Narrative: Epistolary Lives in Nineteenth Century Iceland; Erla Hulda Halldórsdóttir. Chapter 10: Auto/Pathographies In Situ: 'Dying of Melancholy' in Nineteenth Century Greece; Dimitra Vassiliadou. Section Four: Geography Matters: Spatiality and Auto/Biography; edited by John Barker and Emma Wainwright. Chapter 11: "Trying to Keep Up": Intersections of Identity, Space, Time and Rhythm in Women Student Carer Auto/Biographical Accounts; Fin Cullen, John Barker and Pam Alldred. Chapter 12: Spatiality and Auto/Biographical Narratives of Encounter in Social Housing; Emma Wainwright, Elodie Marandet and Ellen McHugh. Chapter 13: “I Thought… I Saw… I Heard…”: The Ethical and Moral Tensions of Auto/Biographically Opportunistic Research in Public Spaces; Tracy Ann Hayes. Section Five: Madness, Dys-order and Autist/Biography: Auto/Biographical Challenges to Psychiatric Dominance; edited by Kay Inckle. Chapter 14: Autist/Biography; Alyssa Hillary. Chapter 15: Reaching Beyond Auto? A Polyvocal Representation of Recovery From “Eating Dys-order”; Bríd O’Farrell. Chapter 16: [R]evolving Towards Mad: Spinning Away from the Psy/Spy-Complex Through Auto/Biography; Phil Smith. Section Six: Prison Lives; edited by Dennis Smith. Chapter 17: Nelson Mandela: Courage and Conviction – The Making of a Leader; Dennis Smith. Chapter 18: The “Other” Prison of Antonio Gramsci and Giulia Schucht; Jeni Nicholson. Chapter 19: Bobby Sands: Prison and the Formation of a Leader; Denis O’Hearn. - Section Seven: Professional Lives; edited by Jenny Byrne. Chapter 20: Academic Lives in a Period of Transition in Higher Education: Bildung in Educational Auto/Biography; Irene Selway, Jenny Byrne and Anne Chappell. Chapter 21: Narratives of Early Career Teachers in a Changing Professional Landscape; Glenn Stone. Chapter 22: What Does it Mean to be a Young Professional Graduate Working in the Private Sector?; Jenny Byrne. Section Eight: 'Race' and Cultural Difference; edited by Geraldine Brown. Chapter 23: Now You See Me, Now You Don’t! Making Sense of the Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Experience of UK Higher Education: One Person’s Story; Gurnam Singh. Chapter 24: Raging Against the Dying of the Light; Paul Grant. Chapter 25: Black Young Men: Problematisation, Humanisation and Effective Engagement; Carver Anderson. Section Nine: Social Justice and Disability: Voices From the Inside; by Chrissie Rogers. Chapter 26: Missing Data and Socio-Political Death: The Sociological Imagination Beyond the Crime; Chrissie Roger. Chapter 27: Co-Constructed Auto/Biographies in Dwarfism Mothering Research: Imagining Opportunities for Social Justice; Kelly-Mae Saville. Chapter 28: An Auto/Biographical Account of Managing Autism and a Hybrid Identity: 'Covering' for Eight Days Straight; Amy Simmons. .

Biography as a literary form. --- Biography --- Authorship --- Prose literature --- History and criticism --- Technique --- Sociology—Research. --- Human geography. --- Social groups. --- Family. --- Philology. --- Linguistics. --- Educational sociology. --- Research Methodology. --- Human Geography. --- Sociology of Family, Youth and Aging. --- Language and Literature. --- Sociology of Education. --- Education and sociology --- Social problems in education --- Society and education --- Sociology, Educational --- Sociology --- Education --- Linguistic science --- Science of language --- Language and languages --- Family --- Families --- Family life --- Family relationships --- Family structure --- Relationships, Family --- Structure, Family --- Social institutions --- Birth order --- Domestic relations --- Home --- Households --- Kinship --- Marriage --- Matriarchy --- Parenthood --- Patriarchy --- Association --- Group dynamics --- Groups, Social --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Social participation --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Aims and objectives --- Social aspects --- Social conditions --- Sociologia --- Ciències socials --- Aristocràcia (Ciències polítiques) --- Atur --- Canvi social --- Capital social (Sociologia) --- Ciutats --- Comunicació --- Conflictes socials --- Conservadorisme --- Contracte social --- Control social --- Escola de Chicago (Sociologia) --- Estructura social --- Grups socials --- Integració social --- Interseccionalitat (Sociologia) --- Gerontologia --- Macrosociologia --- Microsociologia --- Mitjans de comunicació de massa --- Problemes socials --- Psicologia social --- Sistemes socials --- Socialització --- Societat de la informació --- Societat de massa --- Societat primitiva --- Sociolingüística --- Sociologia criminal --- Sociologia de l'economia --- Sociologia de l'educació --- Sociologia de l'esport --- Sociologia de la comunicació --- Sociologia de la discapacitat --- Sociologia de la infermeria --- Sociologia de la religió --- Sociologia de les organitzacions --- Sociologia del lleure --- Sociologia del risc --- Sociologia històrica --- Sociologia industrial --- Sociologia islàmica --- Sociologia marxista --- Sociologia rural --- Sociologia urbana --- Sociologia visual --- Subsidiarietat --- Anomia --- Ecologia humana --- Història de la sociologia --- Història social --- Sociòlegs

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This handbook provides a comprehensive view of the field of the sociology of gender. It presents the most important theories about gender and methods used to study gender, as well as extensive coverage of the latest research on gender in the most important areas of social life, including gendered bodies, sexuality, carework, paid labor, social movements, incarceration, migration, gendered violence, and others. Building from previous publications this handbook includes a vast array of chapters from leading researchers in the sociological study of gender. It synthesizes the diverse field of gender scholarship into a cohesive theoretical framework, gender structure theory, in order to position the specific contributions of each author/chapter as part of a complex and multidimensional gender structure. Through this organization of the handbook, readers do not only gain tremendous insight from each chapter, but they also attain a broader understanding of the way multiple gendered processes are interrelated and mutually constitutive. While the specific focus of the handbook is on gender, the chapters included in the volume also give significant attention to the interrelation of race, class, and other systems of stratification as they intersect and implicate gendered processes.

Social sciences. --- Social structure. --- Social inequality. --- Sociology. --- Social sciences --- Sex (Psychology). --- Gender expression. --- Gender identity. --- Social Sciences. --- Gender Studies. --- Methodology of the Social Sciences. --- Social Structure, Social Inequality. --- Social Theory. --- Sex identity (Gender identity) --- Sexual identity (Gender identity) --- Identity (Psychology) --- Sex (Psychology) --- Queer theory --- Expression, Gender --- Sex role --- Psychology, Sexual --- Sex --- Sexual behavior, Psychology of --- Sexual psychology --- Sensuality --- Social philosophy --- Social theory --- Egalitarianism --- Inequality --- Social equality --- Social inequality --- Political science --- Sociology --- Democracy --- Liberty --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Anthropology --- Social institutions --- Behavioral sciences --- Human sciences --- Sciences, Social --- Social science --- Social studies --- Civilization --- Philosophy. --- Psychological aspects --- Developmental psychology. --- Social sciences-Philosophy. --- Development (Psychology) --- Developmental psychobiology --- Psychology --- Life cycle, Human --- Methodology. --- Sex role. --- Social sciences—Philosophy. --- Sociologia --- Estudis de gènere --- Ciències socials --- Aristocràcia (Ciències polítiques) --- Atur --- Canvi social --- Capital social (Sociologia) --- Ciutats --- Comunicació --- Conflictes socials --- Conservadorisme --- Contracte social --- Control social --- Escola de Chicago (Sociologia) --- Estructura social --- Grups socials --- Integració social --- Interseccionalitat (Sociologia) --- Gerontologia --- Macrosociologia --- Microsociologia --- Mitjans de comunicació de massa --- Problemes socials --- Psicologia social --- Sistemes socials --- Socialització --- Societat de la informació --- Societat de massa --- Societat primitiva --- Sociolingüística --- Sociologia criminal --- Sociologia de l'economia --- Sociologia de l'educació --- Sociologia de l'esport --- Sociologia de la comunicació --- Sociologia de la discapacitat --- Sociologia de la infermeria --- Sociologia de la religió --- Sociologia de les organitzacions --- Sociologia del lleure --- Sociologia del risc --- Sociologia històrica --- Sociologia industrial --- Sociologia islàmica --- Sociologia marxista --- Sociologia rural --- Sociologia urbana --- Sociologia visual --- Subsidiarietat --- Anomia --- Ecologia humana --- Història de la sociologia --- Història social --- Sociòlegs --- Investigació sobre gènere --- Investigació en ciències socials --- Diferències entre sexes --- Estudis de dones --- Gènere --- Identitat sexual --- Relacions home-dona --- Rol sexual --- Identitat de gènere --- Equality.

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This book provides a unique analysis of the intersection between gender, sexuality, race, and social media. While early scholarship identified the internet as being inherently egalitarian, this volume presents the internet as a “real” social place where inequalities matter and manifest in particular ways according to the architectures of particular platforms. This volume utilizes innovative methodologies to analyze how internet users both re-inscribe and resist inequalities of gender, sexuality, and race. It describes how the internet has ameliorated and bridged geographic and numerical limits on community formation, and this volume examines how the functioning of social inequalities differs on- and offline.

Internet culture --- Social media --- Technology --- Internet --- Racism. --- Sexism. --- Gender discrimination. --- User-generated media --- Communication --- User-generated content --- Discrimination, Sexual --- Gender discrimination --- Sexual discrimination --- Discrimination --- Sexism --- Gender mainstreaming --- Sex bias --- Attitude (Psychology) --- Prejudices --- Sex (Psychology) --- Social perception --- Sex role --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Anti-racism --- Race relations --- Social aspects. --- Social aspects --- Critical race theory --- Society and social media --- Communication. --- Sociology. --- Media Research. --- Gender Studies. --- Sociology, general. --- Social theory --- Social sciences --- Communication, Primitive --- Mass communication --- Sociology --- Sociologia --- Xarxes socials --- Ciències socials --- Aristocràcia (Ciències polítiques) --- Atur --- Canvi social --- Capital social (Sociologia) --- Ciutats --- Comunicació --- Conflictes socials --- Conservadorisme --- Contracte social --- Control social --- Escola de Chicago (Sociologia) --- Estructura social --- Grups socials --- Integració social --- Interseccionalitat (Sociologia) --- Gerontologia --- Macrosociologia --- Microsociologia --- Mitjans de comunicació de massa --- Problemes socials --- Psicologia social --- Sistemes socials --- Socialització --- Societat de la informació --- Societat de massa --- Societat primitiva --- Sociolingüística --- Sociologia criminal --- Sociologia de l'economia --- Sociologia de l'educació --- Sociologia de l'esport --- Sociologia de la comunicació --- Sociologia de la discapacitat --- Sociologia de la infermeria --- Sociologia de la religió --- Sociologia de les organitzacions --- Sociologia del lleure --- Sociologia del risc --- Sociologia històrica --- Sociologia industrial --- Sociologia islàmica --- Sociologia marxista --- Sociologia rural --- Sociologia urbana --- Sociologia visual --- Subsidiarietat --- Anomia --- Ecologia humana --- Història de la sociologia --- Història social --- Sociòlegs --- Xarxes d'àrea extensa (Xarxes d'ordinadors) --- Adreces d'Internet --- Biblioteques i Internet --- Cerca a Internet --- Enquestes a internet --- Internet en medicina --- Llenguatge a Internet --- Noms de domini a Internet --- Reputació en línia --- Telefonia per Internet --- Centres d'accés públic a Internet --- Internautes --- Infants internautes --- Joves internautes --- Lectura sobre pantalla --- Sistemes de taulers d'anuncis --- Web --- Connexions socials --- Relacions humanes --- Comunitats virtuals --- Xarxes d'empreses --- Transnacionalisme --- Metavers --- Xarxes socials en línia --- Race --- Sex