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Jan-Melissa Schramm explores the conflicted attitude of the Victorian novel to sacrifice, and the act of substitution on which it depends. The Christian idea of redemption celebrated the suffering of the innocent: to embrace a life of metaphorical self-sacrifice was to follow in the footsteps of Christ's literal Passion. Moreover, the ethical agenda of fiction relied on the expansion of sympathy which imaginative substitution was seen to encourage. But Victorian criminal law sought to calibrate punishment and culpability as it repudiated archaic models of sacrifice that scapegoated the innocent. The tension between these models is registered creatively in the fiction of novelists such as Dickens, Gaskell and Eliot, at a time when acts of Chartist protest, national sacrifices made during the Crimean War, and the extension of the franchise combined to call into question what it means for one man to 'stand for', and perhaps even 'die for', another.

Atonement in literature. --- English fiction --- Self in literature. --- Self-sacrifice in literature. --- History and criticism. --- Arts and Humanities --- Literature

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Malady and Genius examines the recurring theme of self-sacrifice in Puerto Rican literature during the second half of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first centuries. Interpreting these scenes through the works of Frantz Fanon, Kelly Oliver, and Julia Kristeva, Benigno Trigo focuses on the context of colonialism and explains the meaning of this recurring theme as a mode of survival under a colonial condition that has lasted more than five hundred years in the oldest colony in the world. Trigo engages a number of works in Latino and Puerto Rican studies that have of late reconsidered the value of a psychoanalytic approach to texts and cultural material, and also different methodologies including post-colonial theory, cultural studies, and queer studies.

Thematology --- Spanish-American literature --- Puerto Rico --- Puerto Rican literature --- Self-sacrifice in literature. --- Literature and society --- Literature --- Literature and sociology --- Society and literature --- Sociology and literature --- Sociolinguistics --- History and criticism. --- Social aspects

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From ritual killings to subtle acts of self-denial, the practice and rhetoric of sacrifice has a special centrality in modern American literature. In a compelling interdisciplinary investigation, Susan Mizruchi portrays an episode in American cultural history when the literary movement of realism and the fledgling field of sociology both converged in the belief that sacrifice is basic to sociality. This is a book about the fascination that sacrifice held for writers--principally Herman Melville, Henry James, and W.E.B. Du Bois--and also for those who articulated the main tenets of modern social theory, an inquiry that eventually spans historical events such as public lynchings and the political scapegoating of immigrants a century ago. The execution in Billy Budd Sailor, the death of Du Bois's first-born son in The Souls of Black Folk, Henry James's preoccupation with renunciation and scapegoating, and the self-denying working classes of Norris and Stein all illustrate repeated stagings of sacrificial rituals from a Biblical past. For Mizruchi, the peculiar persistence of this aesthetic construct becomes a guide to a rich theological and social-scientific tradition distinctive to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and including such influential works as Smith's Lectures on the Religion of the Semites, Frazer's Golden Bough, and Ross's Sin and Society. The major features of sacrifice--its original association with spiritual doubt, its function as a form of spiritual economics that sustained divisions between the fortunate and the bereft, and its role in fixing boundaries between aliens and kin--held strong symbolic value for writers struggling to reconcile faith with rationalism, and communal coherence with capitalist expansion. Mizruchi eloquently demonstrates how the conceptual power of sacrifice made it a key mediator of cultural change, from the decline of sympathy and the significance of "race" in an emerging multicultural society to the revival of maternal self-sacrifice.

American literature --- Human sacrifice in literature. --- Literature and anthropology --- Literature and society --- Realism in literature. --- Rites and ceremonies in literature. --- Sacrifice in literature. --- Scapegoat in literature. --- Self-sacrifice in literature. --- Social problems in literature. --- History and criticism. --- Abnégation dans la littérature --- Human sacrifice in literature --- James, Henry, 1843-1916. The Awkward Age --- Littérature réaliste --- Mensenoffer in de literatuur --- Neorealism (Literature) --- Neorealisme (Literatuur) --- Néoréalisme (Littérature) --- Offer in de literatuur --- Problèmes sociaux dans la littérature --- Realism (Literary movement) --- Realism in literature --- Realisme (Letterkundige beweging) --- Realisme (Literaire beweging) --- Realisme in de literatuur --- Realistische literatuur --- Rites and ceremonies in literature --- Rites et cérémonies dans la littérature --- Ritussen en ceremoniën in de literatuur --- Réalisme (Mouvement littéraire) --- Réalisme dans la littérature --- Sacrifice dans la littérature --- Sacrifice humain dans la littérature --- Sacrifice in literature --- Scapegoat in literature --- Self-sacrifice in literature --- Social problems in literature --- Sociale problemen in de literatuur --- Zelfopoffering in de literatuur --- Sociology of literature --- Thematology --- Anthropology and literature --- United States --- Du Bois, William Edward Burghardt --- Anthropology --- Magic realism (Literature) --- Mimesis in literature