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Chevreuil --- Roe deer --- Dynamique des populations --- population dynamics --- Densité de population --- population density --- Mortalité --- Mortality --- forests --- Protection des peuplements --- Stand protection --- United Kingdom --- 599.735.3 --- 639.111.12 --- 639.1.04 --- Cervicornia. Antlered mammals. Deer. Roe-deer. Fallow-deer. Red deer etc. Musk-deer. Elk (moose). Wapiti. Reindeer (caribou) --- Rearing and care of game --- 639.1.04 Rearing and care of game --- 639.111.12 Roe deer --- 599.735.3 Cervicornia. Antlered mammals. Deer. Roe-deer. Fallow-deer. Red deer etc. Musk-deer. Elk (moose). Wapiti. Reindeer (caribou)

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Predation and scavenging are pervasive ecological interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The ecology, evolution and conservation of predators and scavengers have received wide scientific attention and public awareness. However, the close connection that exists between predation and scavenging has not been emphasized until very recently. The recognition that carnivorous animals may obtain meat by either hunting prey or scavenging their carcasses has profound implications from individual behavior to population, community and ecosystem levels. However, many relevant questions still remain unexplored. This book deals with some of these questions, with the final aim to definitively dismiss the traditional view that predation and scavenging are disconnected ecological processes. This compendium of science may help to inspire ecologists, evolutionary biologists, paleontologists, anthropologists, epidemiologists, forensic scientists, anatomists, and, of course, conservation biologists in their stimulating and promising endeavor of achieving a more comprehensive understanding of carnivory in a rapidly changing world.

caching --- Capreolus capreolus --- carrion --- Eurasian lynx --- Lynx lynx --- Norway --- predation --- roe deer --- scavenging --- decomposition --- nitrogen --- nutrient recycling --- trophic cascade --- apex predators --- bear --- interspecific interactions --- moose --- wolf --- birds of prey --- foraging --- predators --- scavengers --- vision --- carcass --- confrontational scavenging --- disease risk --- facultative scavenger --- landscape of peril --- marine ecosystems --- parasite risk --- predator risk --- terrestrial ecosystems --- anthropogenic food --- diet --- urban habitats --- ecological functions --- carnivorous --- n/a

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Wild animals under human care as well as domesticated farm production animals are often exposed to environmental changes (e.g., capture and transportation). Short-term or acute changes in physiological indices (e.g., heart rate, respiration, body temperatures, immune cells, and stress hormonal biomarkers) provide crucial information regarding the responses of animals to novel environments, and they could provide crucial determining factors for the long-term health and welfare of animals. This Special Issue includes experimental research papers that demonstrate the applications of physiological indices and welfare assessment methods (e.g., morphological and morphometric data, behavioural assessments, thermal profiles, and physiological markers) in any wildlife or production animal (e.g., rescued and rehabilitating animals, pets, competition animals, farm animals, and zoo animals), in response to environmental and management related factors. The goal is to provide examples of new research and techniques that can be used to monitor short- and long-term environmental adaptation of animals under human care.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Zoology & animal sciences --- non-invasive --- bioindicator --- pollution --- stress --- welfare --- constructed wetland --- glucocorticoid --- urban river --- reindeer --- glucocorticoids --- validation --- rodents --- ecological immunology --- natural antibodies --- haptoglobin --- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio --- immune strategy --- vector-borne pathogens --- parasitology --- zoonosis --- thermal imaging --- koalas --- body temperature --- heat/cold stress --- thermoregulation --- substrate --- Zoo --- protocol --- veterinary assessment --- Punjab urial --- body condition --- behavior --- Pakistan --- red deer --- hind --- reproduction --- progesterone --- cortisol --- hair --- Asian elephant --- saliva --- immunoglobulin A --- circadian rhythm --- Panthera tigris tigris --- Panthera tigris altaica --- siberian --- tigers --- bengal tigers --- captive --- biochemical parameter --- serum protein electrophoresis --- Cervus elaphus --- plasma --- feces --- hunting --- zoo --- faecal analysis --- glucocorticoid metabolites --- enzyme immunoassay --- roe deer --- blood parameters --- prognostic factors --- blood lactate concentration --- biomarkers --- captivity-induced stress --- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites --- physiological stress in rodents --- oxytocin --- boar --- ejaculation --- wildlife --- environmental stress --- urbanisation --- birds --- non-invasive --- bioindicator --- pollution --- stress --- welfare --- constructed wetland --- glucocorticoid --- urban river --- reindeer --- glucocorticoids --- validation --- rodents --- ecological immunology --- natural antibodies --- haptoglobin --- neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio --- immune strategy --- vector-borne pathogens --- parasitology --- zoonosis --- thermal imaging --- koalas --- body temperature --- heat/cold stress --- thermoregulation --- substrate --- Zoo --- protocol --- veterinary assessment --- Punjab urial --- body condition --- behavior --- Pakistan --- red deer --- hind --- reproduction --- progesterone --- cortisol --- hair --- Asian elephant --- saliva --- immunoglobulin A --- circadian rhythm --- Panthera tigris tigris --- Panthera tigris altaica --- siberian --- tigers --- bengal tigers --- captive --- biochemical parameter --- serum protein electrophoresis --- Cervus elaphus --- plasma --- feces --- hunting --- zoo --- faecal analysis --- glucocorticoid metabolites --- enzyme immunoassay --- roe deer --- blood parameters --- prognostic factors --- blood lactate concentration --- biomarkers --- captivity-induced stress --- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites --- physiological stress in rodents --- oxytocin --- boar --- ejaculation --- wildlife --- environmental stress --- urbanisation --- birds

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro