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Rising losses from adverse natural events are compelling leaders of countries to develop more proactive approaches to risk management. In 2011 the world witnessed record losses from disasters caused by natural hazards with estimated costs of up to USD 380 billion. Events in both developed and developing countries have shown that this is not a threat facing just one part of the world. In this context, the Mexican G20 Presidency included this growing threat to sustainable development on the group's agenda, a decision which was welcomed by G20 finance ministers and central bank governors. The economic costs of disasters complicate public financial management for many countries. Natural hazards are nondiscriminatory, potentially affecting all countries irrespective of economic status. The negative fiscal impacts of disasters can hamper longer-term growth and economic development. While lower income countries bear the brunt of the human impact from disasters, middle income countries experience the largest economic impact relative to GDP. Responding to a G20 mandate, this publication brings together the experiences of G20 countries in protecting their populations and assets against natural hazards. Prevention is better than cure; there is a need to raise awareness about disaster risks and their potential financial consequences. Increased resilience and sustainable development will require a more proactive approach to tackle risk at its roots. Preparedness measures to cope when disasters strike need to be combined with ex ante measures to avoid disasters in the first place. The need for better information on adverse natural events and associated economic, fiscal and social impacts emerges as a key message. Countries can strengthen their financial resilience to disasters. Governments should stimulate innovative financial solutions with and leverage the technical and financial capacity of the reinsurance and capital markets through public private partnerships.

Drought Management --- Environment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Crisis Management & Restructuring --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Natural Disaster Management --- Natural Disasters --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Urban Planning --- Water Resources

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Organic waste management is a growing global concern as cities experience increasing waste generation and the associated climate impact. Traditionally, municipal waste has been managed using a range of solutions, from advanced technologies, such as well-designed sanitary landfills in high capacity countries, to open dumping and burning in low-capacity countries. Composting is a sustainable organics management solution that can potentially be low cost and require less technical capacity than alternative treatment methods. Composting is being adopted as an organic waste management strategy as well as a way to address climate change and agricultural needs. This report focuses on the financing and policy environment that could lead to successful composting projects and the preconditions that must be in place before considering composting as an option. This report will provide an overview of optimal market conditions, common financing options, and enabling policy environments for composting projects globally. This report is structured as follows: 1) Chapter one introduces background information on composting generally and discusses the opportunities and challenges faced in developing countries; 2) Chapter two provides an overview of prevailing market conditions and strategies that would ideally lead to a sustainable composting sector; 3) Chapter three details common financing mechanisms for composting projects that have been used for composting projects globally; 4) Chapter four discusses the policy environments and incentives that promote composting production and market development; 5) Chapter five discusses Austria's decentralized, agricultural model of composting; 6) Chapter six presents success factors behind Waste Concern, a private joint venture formed in Bangladesh; 7) Chapter seven features the organic farm model of composting in Brazil; 8) Chapter eight discusses a public and private composting operation in India; 9) Chapter nine describes a national grant program that powered municipal-scale composting in Sri Lanka; and 10) Chapter ten highlights the history and development of organics recycling in Europe.

Agriculture --- Brown Issues and Health --- City Development Strategies --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Environment --- Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Funding --- Management --- Municipal Waste --- Natural Disaster Management --- Plants --- Public & Municipal Finance --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Sustainability --- Urban Development --- Waste Disposal & Utilization --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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The objective of the report is to raise awareness of the fiscal impacts that natural disasters have on the budget of the Government of Sri Lanka. It is envisioned to be used as a planning tool for the potential development of a comprehensive disaster risk financing and insurance strategy that would equip the Ministry of Finance with additional instruments to manage the contingent liability posed by disasters. Its recommendations are a starting point for a collaborative discussion with the government on the potential development of a broad program.

Civil War --- Climate Change --- Climate Change Economics --- Credit --- Disasters --- Droughts --- Earthquakes --- Environment --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Floods --- Food Security --- Hazard Risk Management --- Hurricanes --- Inflation --- Insurance --- Insurance & Risk Mitigation --- Insurance Industry --- Insurance Law --- Landslides --- Law and Development --- Legal Framework --- Life Insurance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Microinsurance --- Natural Disaster Management --- Natural Disasters --- Public Safety --- Risk Assessment --- Risk Management --- Savings --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Storms --- Terrorism --- Tropical Storms --- Tsunamis --- Urban Development