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After almost two decades of poverty maps produced by the World Bank and multiple advances in the literature, this paper presents a methodological update to the World Bank's toolkit for small area estimation. The paper reviews the computational procedures of the current methods used by the World Bank: the traditional approach by Elbers, Lanjouw and Lanjouw (2003) and the Empirical Best/Bayes (EB) addition introduced by Van der Weide (2014). The addition extends the EB procedure of Molina and Rao (2010) by considering heteroscedasticity and includes survey weights, but uses a different bootstrap approach, here referred to as clustered bootstrap. Simulation experiments comparing these methods to the original EB approach of Molina and Rao (2010) provide empirical evidence of the shortcomings of the clustered bootstrap approach, which yields biased point estimates. The main contributions of this paper are then two: 1) to adapt the original Monte Carlo simulation procedure of Molina and Rao (2010) for the approximation of the extended EB estimators that include heteroscedasticity and survey weights as in Van der Weide (2014); and 2) to adapt the parametric bootstrap approach for mean squared error (MSE) estimation considered by Molina and Rao (2010), and proposed originally by Gonzalez-Manteiga and others (2008), to these extended EB estimators. Simulation experiments illustrate that the revised Monte Carlo simulation method yields estimators that are considerably less biased and more efficient in terms of MSE than those obtained from the clustered bootstrap approach, and that the parametric bootstrap MSE estimators are in line with the true MSEs under realistic scenarios.
Elbers, Lanjouw And Lanjouw --- ELL --- Empirical Best --- Heteroscedasticity --- Inequality --- Mean Squared Error Estimation --- Monte Carlo Simulation --- Parametric Bootstrap --- Poverty Mapping --- Poverty Reduction --- Small Area Estimate --- Survey Weights
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Encompassing both introductory and more advanced research material, these notes deal with the author's contributions to stochastic processes and focus on Brownian motion processes and its derivative white noise.Originally published in 1970.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
Stationary processes --- Stationary processes. --- Stochastic processes --- 519.216 --- 519.216 Stochastic processes in general. Prediction theory. Stopping times. Martingales --- Stochastic processes in general. Prediction theory. Stopping times. Martingales --- Bochner integral. --- Bochner's theorem. --- Bounded operator. --- Bounded variation. --- Brownian motion. --- Characteristic exponent. --- Characteristic function (probability theory). --- Complexification. --- Compound Poisson process. --- Computation. --- Conditional expectation. --- Continuous function (set theory). --- Continuous function. --- Continuous linear operator. --- Convergence of random variables. --- Coset. --- Covariance function. --- Cyclic subspace. --- Cylinder set. --- Degrees of freedom (statistics). --- Derivative. --- Differential equation. --- Dimension (vector space). --- Dirac delta function. --- Discrete spectrum. --- Distribution function. --- Dual space. --- Eigenfunction. --- Equation. --- Existential quantification. --- Exponential distribution. --- Exponential function. --- Finite difference. --- Fourier series. --- Fourier transform. --- Function (mathematics). --- Function space. --- Gaussian measure. --- Gaussian process. --- Harmonic analysis. --- Hermite polynomials. --- Hilbert space. --- Homeomorphism. --- Independence (probability theory). --- Independent and identically distributed random variables. --- Indicator function. --- Infinitesimal generator (stochastic processes). --- Integral equation. --- Isometry. --- Joint probability distribution. --- Langevin equation. --- Lebesgue measure. --- Lie algebra. --- Limit superior and limit inferior. --- Linear combination. --- Linear function. --- Linear interpolation. --- Linear subspace. --- Mean squared error. --- Measure (mathematics). --- Monotonic function. --- Normal distribution. --- Normal subgroup. --- Nuclear space. --- One-parameter group. --- Orthogonality. --- Orthogonalization. --- Parameter. --- Poisson point process. --- Polynomial. --- Probability distribution. --- Probability measure. --- Probability space. --- Probability. --- Projective linear group. --- Radon–Nikodym theorem. --- Random function. --- Random variable. --- Reproducing kernel Hilbert space. --- Self-adjoint operator. --- Self-adjoint. --- Semigroup. --- Shift operator. --- Special case. --- Stable process. --- Stationary process. --- Stochastic differential equation. --- Stochastic process. --- Stochastic. --- Subgroup. --- Summation. --- Symmetrization. --- Theorem. --- Transformation semigroup. --- Unitary operator. --- Unitary representation. --- Unitary transformation. --- Variance. --- White noise. --- Zero element.
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