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This book traces the rise and decline of Gilberto Freyre's vision of racial and cultural mixture (mestiçagem - or race mixing) as the defining feature of Brazilian culture in the twentieth century. Eakin traces how mestiçagem moved from a conversation among a small group of intellectuals to become the dominant feature of Brazilian national identity, demonstrating how diverse Brazilians embraced mestiçagem, via popular music, film and television, literature, soccer, and protest movements. The Freyrean vision of the unity of Brazilians built on mestiçagem begins a gradual decline in the 1980s with the emergence of an identity politics stressing racial differences and multiculturalism. The book combines intellectual history, sociological and anthropological field work, political science, and cultural studies for a wide-ranging analysis of how Brazilians - across social classes - became Brazilians.

National characteristics, Brazilian. --- Racially mixed people --- Blacks --- Multiculturalism --- Cultural diversity policy --- Cultural pluralism --- Cultural pluralism policy --- Ethnic diversity policy --- Social policy --- Anti-racism --- Ethnicity --- Cultural fusion --- Brazilian national characteristics --- Race identity --- Government policy --- Freyre, Gilberto, --- Mello Freyre, Gilberto de, --- Freire, Gilberto, --- Melo Freyre, Gilberto de, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Brazil --- Race relations. --- Civilization --- Intellectual life --- Black persons --- Negroes --- Ethnology --- Black people

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Modern perceptions of race across much of the Global South are indebted to the Brazilian social scientist Gilberto Freyre, who in works such as The Masters and the Slaves claimed that Portuguese colonialism produced exceptionally benign and tolerant race relations. This volume radically reinterprets Freyre’s Luso-tropicalist arguments and critically engages with the historical complexity of racial concepts and practices in the Portuguese-speaking world. Encompassing Brazil as well as Portuguese-speaking societies in Africa, Asia, and even Portugal itself, it places an interdisciplinary group of scholars in conversation to challenge the conventional understanding of twentieth-century racialization, proffering new insights into such controversial topics as human plasticity, racial amalgamation, and the tropes and proxies of whiteness.

Freyre, Gilberto, --- Criticism and interpretation. --- Political and social views. --- Portuguese-speaking countries --- Portugal --- Brazil --- Race relations --- History --- Colonies --- History. --- Portuguese Colonialism. --- Portuguese-Speaking Global South. --- Race Mixing. --- Race in Brazil. --- Race-Mixing. --- Racial Democracy.

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Insurgent citizenships have arisen in cities around the world. This book examines the insurgence of democratic citizenship in the urban peripheries of São Paulo, Brazil, its entanglement with entrenched systems of inequality, and its contradiction in violence. James Holston argues that for two centuries Brazilians have practiced a type of citizenship all too common among nation-states--one that is universally inclusive in national membership and massively inegalitarian in distributing rights and in its legalization of social differences. But since the 1970s, he shows, residents of Brazil's urban peripheries have formulated a new citizenship that is destabilizing the old. Their mobilizations have developed not primarily through struggles of labor but through those of the city--particularly illegal residence, house building, and land conflict. Yet precisely as Brazilians democratized urban space and achieved political democracy, violence, injustice, and impunity increased dramatically. Based on comparative, ethnographic, and historical research, Insurgent Citizenship reveals why the insurgent and the entrenched remain dangerously conjoined as new kinds of citizens expand democracy even as new forms of violence and exclusion erode it. Rather than view this paradox as evidence of democratic failure and urban chaos, Insurgent Citizenship argues that contradictory realizations of citizenship characterize all democracies--emerging and established. Focusing on processes of city- and citizen-making now prevalent globally, it develops new approaches for understanding the contemporary course of democratic citizenship in societies of vastly different cultures and histories.

Squatter settlements --- Urban policy --- Urban poor --- Cities and towns --- Land tenure --- Law --- Democracy --- Citizenship --- Urban anthropology --- Sociology, Urban --- Political aspects --- Brazil --- Brazil. --- São Paulo (Brazil) --- Social conditions. --- Agamben, Giorgio. --- Balibar, Etienne. --- Bobbio, Norberto. --- Books of Nobility. --- Brasília. --- Brubaker, Rogers. --- Catholic Church. --- Collor, Lindolfo. --- Conrad, Robert Edgar. --- Covas, Mário. --- Dean, Warren. --- Decree of Social Interest (DIS). --- Dutra, President. --- English Reform act (1884). --- Erundina, Luiza. --- Ezequiel. --- Fernandes, Gabriela. --- Fix, Mariana. --- Freedom House. --- Freyre, Gilberto. --- Gonçalves Chaves. --- Guaianazes. --- Honold, Eugênio. --- Human Rights Watch. --- Jafet, Nagib. --- Jardim América. --- Jardim Ocidental. --- Junqueira, Messias. --- Kowarick, Lúcio. --- Lamounier, Bolivar. --- Law of Sesmarias (Portugal). --- Marshall, John. --- Montoro, Franco. --- National Guard. --- Okin, Susan Moller. --- Pateman, Carole. --- Plan of the Avenues. --- Politics (Aristotle). --- Quadros, Jânio. --- Rabinow, Paul. --- Revolution of 1930 (Brazil). --- Rolnik, Raquel. --- Schapera, Isaac. --- Shirley, Robert Weaver. --- Simonsen, Roberto. --- affirmative action. --- antropofagia. --- bank lines. --- car traffic. --- experience. --- private domestic space.