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In The Agency of Empire: Connections and Strategies in French Expansion (1686-1746) Elisabeth Heijmans places directors and their connections at the centre of the developments and operations of French overseas companies. The focus on directors’ decisions and networks challenges the conception of French overseas companies as highly centralized and controlled by the state. Through the cases of companies operating in Pondicherry (Coromandel Coast) and Ouidah (Bight of Benin), Elisabeth Heijmans demonstrates the participation of actors not only in Paris but also in provinces, ports and trading posts in the French expansion. The analysis brings to the fore connections across imperial, cultural and religious boundaries in order to diverge from traditional national narratives of the French early modern empire.

French colonies. --- France.

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French colonies. --- Flacourt, Etienne de, --- Flacourt, Etienne de. --- Africa. --- France --- Madagascar --- Madagascar. --- Colonies --- History.

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China. --- Eastern question (Far East). --- French colonies. --- International relations. --- Question d'Orient (Extrême-Orient). --- Asia. --- France --- Indochina --- Indochina. --- Indochine --- Soviet Union --- Soviet Union. --- Colonies --- History. --- Histoire. --- Relations

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Commercial policy. --- Handel. --- Kolonialismus. --- Tarif douanier --- Tariff --- Tariff --- Tariff --- Colonies --- Colonies --- Colonies --- French colonies. --- Geschichte 1800-1912. --- Geschichte 1800-1912. --- France --- France --- France --- France. --- Frankreich. --- Commercial policy. --- Commercial policy. --- Politique commerciale.

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What is turmoil? How may it be captured? What were its manifestations in the eighteenth century? Why does it feel so familiar, even urgent, nowadays? This book proposes a completely new ontology of turmoil through study of its incidence and impact in the eighteenth-century francophone context.

French literature --- Crises in literature. --- Change in literature. --- Littérature française --- Changement (Philosophie) dans la littérature. --- Crises (Sciences sociales) dans la littérature. --- Isabelle de Charrière --- insecurity --- eighteenth-century French colonies --- Chamfort --- Bernardin de Saint-Pierre --- Joséphine de Monbart --- Raynal --- turmoil --- instability --- Enlightenment --- Sade --- Voltaire --- earthquakes --- volcanoes --- Dupaty --- French Revolution --- Beaumarchais --- Turmoil Studies --- History and criticism. --- Histoire et critique. --- Isabelle de Charrière --- insecurity --- eighteenth-century French colonies --- Chamfort --- Bernardin de Saint-Pierre --- Joséphine de Monbart --- Raynal --- turmoil --- instability --- Enlightenment --- Sade --- Voltaire --- earthquakes --- volcanoes --- Dupaty --- French Revolution --- Beaumarchais --- Turmoil Studies