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This report is concerned with policies that directly support the production or consumption of fossil fuels in OECD countries and in a selection of partner economies. It provides a useful complement to the online OECD database that identifies and estimates direct budgetary transfers and tax expenditures benefitting fossil fuels, and from which it derives summary results and indicators on support to fossil fuels, as well as policy recommendations.This report emphasises the problems that fossil-fuel subsidies cause in the context of broader policy efforts to mitigate greenhouse-gas emissions, and reviews the various reform initiatives that have already been taken at the international level (G-20, APEC, etc.). In addition, it presents methods for combining the IEA and OECD support estimates and for measuring the support element of government credit assistance.

Combustibles fossiles. --- Fossil Fuels.

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Coal --- Fossil fuels --- Petroleum --- Charbon. --- Combustibles fossiles. --- Pétrole.

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So much of what we know of clean water, clean air, and now a stable climate rests on how fossil fuels first disrupted them. Negative Ecologies is a bold reappraisal of the outsized role fossil fuels have played in making the environment visible, factual, and politically operable in North America. Following stories of hydrocarbon harm that lay the groundwork for environmental science and policy in North America, this book brings the dialectic between the negative ecologies of fossil fuels and the ongoing discovery of the environment into clear focus. Exploring iconic sits of the oil economy, ranging from leaky Caribbean refineries to deepwater oil spills, from the petrochemical fallout of plastics manufacturing to the extractive frontiers of Canada, Negative Ecologies documents the disruptions, injuries, and disasters that have long accompanied fossil fuels and the manner in which our solutions have often been less about confronting the cause than managing the effects. This history of our present promises to resituate scholarly understandings of fossil fuels and renovate environmental critique today. Bond challenges us to consider what forms of research, critique, and mobilization may now be needed not only to confront the deleterious properties of fossil fuels, but to envision ways of living beyond them.

Fossil fuels --- Ecology --- Climatic changes --- Combustibles fossiles --- Écologie --- Climat --- Environmental aspects --- Aspect environnemental --- Changements.

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Groundwater --- Eaux souterraines --- Natural gas --- Gaz naturel --- Fossil fuels --- Combustibles fossiles --- Eaux souterraines.

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A key factor in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions is the world economy's dependency on fossil fuels. Decoupling economic growth from intensive fossil-fuel dependency, and thus from rising CO2 emissions, is a formidable challenge. Cleaner, more energy-efficient technology clearly plays a decisive role in meeting the challenge. But it raises critical priority-setting questions for policy-makers in government and industry. Which technologies offer the greatest environmental benefits at the least cost? And which criteria are the most reliable for assessing them? Various methods exist for assessing technologies and for measuring impacts, at each stage in the energy cycle: production, transformation, distribution and consumption. Full life-cycle analysis has become a major tool. This IEA publication considers the state of the art in methodologies for assessing and comparing energy technologies, the strengths and weaknesses of current practice. It presents experts' reports on energy R&D approaches and assessment criteria strategies in Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union.

Fossil fuels --- Green technology --- Greenhouse gases --- Combustibles fossiles --- Technologie de protection de l'environnement --- Gaz à effet de serre --- Gaz à effet de serre