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The analysis in this paper suggests that import and export volume elasticities are markedly lower in oil-exporting Middle East and Central Asian countries than in non-oil countries in the region. A key implication of this finding is that a real appreciation of the exchange rate in oil-exporting countries would achieve little in terms of expenditure switching: an appreciation does not boost imports and non-oil exports constitute only a small share of GDP and total trade in these countries. Therefore, while a real appreciation lowers the current account surplus of oil-exporting countries through valuation effects, the contribution to lowering global imbalances may be more limited.

Elasticity (Economics) --- Econometric models. --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Trade: General --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- International economics --- Trade balance --- Export prices --- Exports --- Import prices --- Imports --- Balance of trade --- Saudi Arabia

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Using a consistent dataset and methodology for all eight member countries of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) from 1994 to 2009, this paper provides evidence of the two major channels for real effects of inflation: inflation uncertainty and relative price variability. In line with theory and most evidence for advanced and emerging market economies, higher inflation increases inflation uncertainty and relative price variability in all WAEMU countries. However, the pattern, magnitude and timing of these two channels vary considerably by country. The findings raise several policy issues for future research.

Inflation (Finance) --- Elasticity (Economics) --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- Finance --- Natural rate of unemployment --- Econometric models. --- Exports and Imports --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Commodity Markets --- International economics --- Consumer price indexes --- Monetary unions --- Commodity price shocks --- Prices --- Price indexes --- Guinea

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Labor demand --- -Capital investments --- -Elasticity (Economics) --- -Manufacturing industries --- -Industries --- Manufactures --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- Capital expenditures --- Capital improvements --- Capital spending --- Fixed asset expenditures --- Plant and equipment investments --- Plant investments --- Investments --- Demand, Labor --- Demand for labor --- Labor market --- Mathematical models --- Energy consumption --- -Costs --- -Mathematical models --- Capital investments --- Elasticity (Economics) --- Manufacturing industries --- Mathematical models. --- Costs --- Industries --- Energy consumption&delete& --- Costs&delete&

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We examine the interest rate elasticity of housing prices, advancingthe empirical literature in two directions. First, we take a commonly used cross-country panel dataset and evaluate the housing price equation using a consistent estimator in the presence of endogenous explanatory variables and a lagged dependent variable. Second, we carry-out a novel analysis of determinants of residential housing prices in a cross-section of countries. Our results show that the short-term interest rate, and hence monetary policy, has a sizable impact on residential housing prices.

Interest rates --- Elasticity (Economics) --- Housing --- Econometric models. --- Prices --- Affordable housing --- Homes --- Houses --- Housing needs --- Residences --- Slum clearance --- Urban housing --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Social aspects --- City planning --- Dwellings --- Human settlements --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- Banks and Banking --- Infrastructure --- Real Estate --- Industries: Financial Services --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis --- Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects --- Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location: General --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Property & real estate --- Macroeconomics --- Finance --- Housing prices --- Short term interest rates --- Real estate prices --- Saving and investment --- United States

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This paper finds that the estimates of Armington elasticities (the elasticity of substitution between groups of products identified by country of origin) obtained from multilateral trade data can differ from those obtained from bilateral trade data. In particular, the former tends to be higher than the latter when trade consists largely of intermediate inputs. Given that the variety of intermediate inputs traded across borders is increasing rapidly, and that the effect of this increase is not adequately captured in multilateral trade data, the evidence shows that the use of multilateral trade data to estimate Armington elasticities needs caution.

Elasticity (Economics) --- Commercial policy --- International trade --- Foreign trade policy --- International trade policy --- Trade policy --- Economic policy --- International economic relations --- Coefficient of elasticity --- Demand elasticity --- Elasticity, Coefficient of --- Elasticity of demand --- Price elasticity of demand --- Demand (Economic theory) --- Economics --- Econometric models. --- Government policy --- Investments: Commodities --- Exports and Imports --- Industries: Manufacturing --- Empirical Studies of Trade --- Model Construction and Estimation --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General --- Agriculture: General --- Trade: General --- International economics --- Manufacturing industries --- Investment & securities --- Manufacturing --- Agricultural commodities --- Multilateral trade --- Plurilateral trade --- Imports --- Economic sectors --- Commodities --- Farm produce --- United States