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"The White Lotus War examines the Qing dynasty's suppression campaign against the White Lotus Rebellion in central China at the turn of the nineteenth century, 1796-1805, marking the end of the Qing golden age and the start of dynastic decline. This study provides detailed accounts and in-depth analyses of the roots and dynamics of the Qing's failure to speedily put down the rebellion. Contrary to common belief in the gravity of the rebellion, it shows that the rebels were far from being able to seriously challenge the Qing and that the major reason the hostilities lasted so long was that the Qing military fought the war halfheartedly and took advantage of the campaign to pursue personal gains, which triggered strife between the throne and military and among military units. The White Lotus war represented a serious political crisis for the Qing, as its central government was no longer able to operate its military machine, which presaged the beginning of disintegration of Qing central power in the mid-nineteenth century. The White Lotus War challenges the assumption that the Qing relied upon local militias and fortification in the countryside to cut supplies and thereby exterminate the rebels. Rather, the Qing's hiring of hundreds of thousands of civilians to aid its operations became a pretext for generals and logistical leaders to misappropriate war funds, resulting in the high cost of the war. The mishandled demobilization of the militiamen then helped prolong the hostilities, when many dismissed troops turned into rebels themselves. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of late imperial and modern Chinese history, and of comparative empires and comparative warfare; the White Lotus war in China immediately preceded the Napoleonic wars in Europe"--

S04/0690 --- S11/0810 --- China: History--Qing: 1644 - 1840 --- China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- China --- History --- HISTORY --- 1796-1820. --- China.

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S11/0810 --- S27/0800 --- S27/0755 --- Secret societies --- -Triads (Organized crime) --- Triads (Organized crime) --- Triad societies --- Organized crime --- Fraternities --- Hazing --- Rites and ceremonies --- Ritual --- Societies --- Sociology --- Initiations (into trades, societies, etc.) --- China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- Hong Kong--Society in general --- Hong Kong--Economic relations with mainland China --- Triads (Gangs) --- Triads (Gangs).

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Organized crime --- Business enterprises --- Crime syndicates --- Organised crime --- Crime --- Taiwan --- Politics and government --- E-books --- S26/0800 --- S26/0805 --- S26/0600 --- S26/0700 --- S26/0680 --- S26/0815 --- S26/0830 --- S11/0810 --- S11/0816 --- S11/0910 --- S11/0920 --- Taiwan--Society in general --- Taiwan--Cities (urbanism, migration to the cities etc.) --- Taiwan--Politics and government: since 1945 --- Taiwan--Economy and commerce --- Taiwan--Law and legislation, incl. human rights --- Taiwan--Society in transition --- Taiwan--Associations, secret societies and drugs --- China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- China: Social sciences--Criminality --- China: Social sciences--Opium and drugs --- China: Social sciences--Corruption

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This study examines the emergence and evolution in China of a tradition of secret societies. The author suggests that the secret society is properly understood as one variety of the 'brotherhood association', a category that encompasses a range of popular fraternal organizations that flourished in the early and mid-Qing period. Many early associations became an accepted part of local society practising initiation rituals which drew on popular religious traditions. He goes on to examine the transformation of these informal brotherhoods into the rebellious secret societies of the nineteenth century. Making use of newly available archival material, the author re-examines the idea that their members were early 'nationalist rebels' or that secret societies should be seen as 'self-help associations'. He briefly compares secret societies in China to those in Chinese communities in precolonial and colonial Southeast Asia.

History of Asia --- History of civilization --- Qing [Dynasty] --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1600-1699 --- China --- Secret societies --- Sociétés secrètes --- History --- Histoire --- Chine --- History. --- S11/0810 --- -Fraternities --- Hazing --- Rites and ceremonies --- Ritual --- Societies --- Sociology --- Initiations (into trades, societies, etc.) --- China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- -S11/0810 --- -China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- -Secret societies --- Sociétés secrètes --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- -History of Asia --- Qing dynasty, 1644-1912 --- Secret societies - China - History. --- China - History - Ch°ing dynasty, 1644-1912.

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Peasant uprisings --- Révoltes paysannes --- China --- History --- S04/0680 --- S11/0810 --- -#SML: Henry Serruys --- Peasants' uprisings --- Uprisings, Peasant --- Insurgency --- Revolutions --- China: History--Qing: general: 1644 - 1912 --- China: Social sciences--Secret societies, triads --- -Peasant uprisings --- -S04/0680 --- Révoltes paysannes --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- #SML: Henry Serruys --- Peasant uprisings - China --- China - History - Chia ching, 1796-1820. --- China - History - Jiaqing, 1796-1820