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Using longitudinal survey data collected in collaboration with a treatment program, this paper is the first to estimate the economic impacts of antiretroviral treatment in Africa. The responses in two important outcomes are studied: (1) labor supply of adult AIDS patients receiving treatment; and (2) labor supply of children and adults living in the patients' households. We find that within six months after the initiation of treatment, there is a 20 percent increase in the likelihood of the patient participating in the labor force and a 35 percent increase in weekly hours worked. Since patient health would continue to decline without treatment, these labor supply responses are underestimates of the impact of treatment on the treated. The upper bound of the treatment impact, which is based on plausible assumptions about the counterfactual, is considerably larger and also implies that the wage benefit from treatment is roughly equal to the costs of treatment provision. The responses in the labor supply of patients' household members are heterogeneous. Young boys and women work considerably less after initiation of treatment, while girls and men do not change their labor supply. The effects on child labor are particularly important since they suggest potential schooling impacts from treatment.
Health --- Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty --- Economic Development --- Demand and Supply of Labor
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Supply chain professionals: master pioneering techniques for integrating demand and supply, and create demand forecasts that are far more accurate and useful! In Demand and Supply Integration, Dr. Mark Moon presents the specific design characteristics of a world-class demand forecasting management process, showing how to effectively integrate demand forecasting within a comprehensive Demand and Supply Integration (DSI) process. Writing for supply chain professionals in any business, government agency, or military procurement organization, Moon explains what DSI is, how it differs from approaches such as S&OP, and how to recognize the symptoms of failures to sufficiently integrate demand and supply. He outlines the key characteristics of successful DSI implementations, shows how to approach Demand Forecasting as a management process, and guides you through understanding, selecting, and applying the best available qualitative and quantitative forecasting techniques. You'll learn how to thoroughly reflect market intelligence in your forecasts; measure your forecasting performance; implement state-of-the-art demand forecasting systems; manage Demand Reviews, and much more.
Economic forecasting. --- Supply and demand --- Forecasting. --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Forecasting --- Economic indicators --- Economic forecasting --- E-books --- DSI. --- Demand Forecasting. --- Demand and Supply Integration. --- Supply Chain.
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Economic conditions. Economic development --- Supply and demand --- Microeconomics --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Price theory
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The connection between productive labour and effective demand has often been ignored and disputed in political economy, even by giants like Ricardo and Marx. This book traces the historical development of theories, concentrating in particularly on those of Malthus, Marx and Keynes. Particular attention is also paid to the Great Depression in the UK and USA.* The Pre-Classical Approach * The Classical Economists * Socialists and Dissidents * Anti-Classical Theories in the Twentieth Century
Supply and demand --- Economics --- Offre et demande --- Economie politique --- Demand and supply --- Law of supply and demand --- Supply and demand. --- Industrial production --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value
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Petroleum reserves --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Supply and demand. --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Forecasting.
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Value. --- Supply and demand. --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Standard of value --- Cost --- Wealth --- Supply and demand
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Value. --- Supply and demand. --- Demand and supply --- Industrial production --- Law of supply and demand --- Economics --- Competition --- Exchange --- Overproduction --- Prices --- Value --- Standard of value --- Cost --- Wealth --- Supply and demand
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France has taken a leadership role in global mitigation and made significant progress towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but further efforts will be needed to meet domestic mitigation targets. Accelerating emissions reductions from road transportation will be a key part of this strategy, as they account for nearly one-third of national emissions. At the same time, with the shift to more lightly taxed electric vehicles over the next decade, fiscal revenue from the sector is projected to decline and externalities, such as congestion, to worsen. Building on existing policies, a comprehensive reform that combines revenue-neutral continuous feebate schemes with a gradual introduction of road user and congestion charges could support mitigation targets, while maintaining revenue and regulating externalities. This paper discusses administratively feasible options to introduce such policies as well as key welfare and distributional considerations.
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Fiscal policy has a strong foundation in the multiyear program of spending cuts, tax reforms, and deficit reduction in Germany. Germany's focus on actual, rather than cyclically adjusted, fiscal goals and outcomes carries the risk of rendering fiscal policy procyclical. The recent business and personal income tax reforms, pension reform, and product market reforms is commendable. But the potential benefits of these diverse reforms require a more proactive approach to labor market reform. The longer-term efficiency and functioning of the financial sector pose challenging issues.
Inflation --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Social Security and Public Pensions --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Pensions --- Labor markets --- Labor costs --- Wages --- Income tax systems --- Pension spending --- Taxes --- Expenditure --- Labor market --- Income tax --- Germany --- Income economics
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This paper discusses how financial innovation turned U.S. mortgages into an asset class with worldwide investor appeal. It suggests that U.S. financial markets have been skilful in developing tools that have helped households exploit favorable global financing conditions to boost home ownership and acquire housing wealth. It reviews trends in labor supply and demand, electricity sector challenges, oil price developments, and the performance of the U.S. economy. It analyzes U.S. banking developments, with focus on large complex banking groups (LCBGs), and describes the structural change and competition among auto manufacturers and airlines.
Investments: Energy --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Real Estate --- Industries: Financial Services --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Prices --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Electric Utilities --- Housing Supply and Markets --- Labour --- income economics --- Finance --- Investment & securities --- Property & real estate --- Oil prices --- Labor markets --- Electricity --- Housing prices --- Financial institutions --- Commodities --- Labor market --- Electric utilities --- Housing --- United States --- Income economics
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