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The development of thermodynamics in the second half of the 19th century has had a strong impact on both technology and natural philosophy. It is true that the steam engine for the conversion of heat into work existed before thermodynamics was developed as a branch of physics. However, the systematic theory improved the conversion process, and it succeeded in developing other processes essential to modern life, notably refrigeration and rectification. So, altogether thermodynamics has provided humanity with cheap energy, and cheap fuel, -- consequently with cheap, and abundant, and unspoiled food. Thus thermodynamics has made populations grow, and life expectancy increase beyond anything people could possibly have imagined 200 years ago. At the same time thermodynamics has uncovered the precarious balance between determinism and stochasticity which is essential to processes on earth, including life. The competition of those intentions is described by the doctrine of energy and entropy in thermodynamics; energy tends to force a system into one single state, and entropy tends to spread the system evenly over all possible states. These competing tendencies are weighted by temperature such that minimal energy determines cold systems. The knowledge gained by thermodynamic research led to quantum mechanics, whose rules become predominant at low temperatures, and to stellar physics, where temperature is high enough to make relativity theory essential. The expansion of thermodynamic technology and natural philosophy is reviewed in the book along with the struggles and fates of some of the engineers and physicists who pioneered the development.

Thermodynamics. --- Dynamics. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Statics

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The book provides a systematic introduction into the fundamental ideas of thermodynamics at a somewhat advanced level. And it exhibits many applications of the theory in the fields of engineering, physics, chemistry, physical chemistry, and materials science. The universal equations of balance are strictly separated from the constitutive equations which characterize the behavior of material bodies, mostly gases, vapors, and liquids. Some selected solids like rubber, gels and shape memory alloys are considered as well. Both authors have taught students of the subject for many years at the Technical University of Berlin, and they have actively participated in modern research in thermodynamics. Historical annotations offer some relaxing moments for the reader.

Power resources. --- Thermodynamics -- Industrial applications. --- Thermodynamics. --- Mechanical Engineering - General --- Thermodynamics --- Physics --- Mechanical Engineering --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Physics. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Engineering. --- Heat engineering. --- Heat transfer. --- Mass transfer. --- Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Physical sciences --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Mass transport (Physics) --- Transport theory --- Heat transfer --- Thermal transfer --- Transmission of heat --- Energy transfer --- Mechanical engineering

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Pure sciences. Natural sciences (general) --- Classical mechanics. Field theory --- Thermodynamics --- Physics --- Applied physical engineering --- thermodynamica --- wetenschapsgeschiedenis --- toegepaste wetenschappen --- toegepaste mechanica --- fysica --- mechanica

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Experiments with rubber balloons and rubber sheets have led to surprising observations, some of them hitherto unknown or not previously described in the literature. In balloons, these phenomena are due to the non-monotonic pressure-radius characteristic which makes balloons a subject of interest to physicists engaged in stability studies. Here is a situation in which symmetry breaking and hysteresis may be studied analytically, because the stress-stretch relations of rubber - and its non-convex free energy - can be determined explicitly from the kinetic theory of rubber and from non-linear elasticity. Since rubber elasticity and the elasticity of gases are both entropy-induced, a rubber balloon represents a compromise between the entropic tendency of a gas to expand and the entropic tendency of rubber to contract. Thus rubber and rubber balloons furnish instructive paradigms of thermodynamics. This monograph treats the subject at a level appropriate for post-graduate studies.

Elasticity. --- Rubber. --- Thermodynamics. --- Elasticité --- Caoutchouc --- Thermodynamique --- Rubber --- Novelty balloons --- Thermodynamics --- Elasticity --- Atomic Physics --- Physics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Elasticité --- Engineering. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Classical and Continuum Physics. --- Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics. --- Engineering, general. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Construction --- Industrial arts --- Technology --- Continuum physics. --- Amorphous substances. --- Complex fluids. --- Complex liquids --- Fluids, Complex --- Amorphous substances --- Liquids --- Soft condensed matter --- Classical field theory --- Continuum physics --- Continuum mechanics

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Mathematics --- Statistical physics --- Thermodynamics --- Physics --- Applied physical engineering --- thermodynamica --- toegepaste wetenschappen --- toegepaste wiskunde --- statistiek --- fysica