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During the last decades, numerous studies about stem cells and regenerative medicine highlighted new therapeutic approaches to treat several neurological disorders. It is noteworthy that the current optimism over potential stem cell therapies is driven by new understandings of stem cell biology leading to specific cell fate decision. The objectives of this book were: 1) to offer a general understanding of signaling pathways underlying the capacity of differentiation of several types of stem cells into neurons, during the development; 2) to understand how those pathways are altered in pathological conditions; 3) to describe advances in cellular therapy that could be use to restore central nervous system dysfunction in pathological conditions.

Oncology. --- Tumors --- Oncology

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Even if the origins of regenerative medicine can be found in Greek mythology, as attested by the story of Prometheus, the Greek god whose immortal liver was feasted on day after day by Zeus' eagle; many challenges persist in order to successfully regenerate lost cells, tissues or organs and rebuild all connections and functions. In this book, we will cover a few aspects of regenerative medicine highlighting major advances and remaining challenges in cellular therapy and tissue/organ engineering.

TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Biomedical. --- Medicine --- Biomedical Engineering --- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine --- Health Sciences --- Medicine. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Health sciences. --- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. --- Health Workforce --- Basic medical sciences --- Basic sciences, Medical --- Biomedical sciences --- Health sciences --- Preclinical sciences --- Sciences, Medical --- Life sciences --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering

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The European Union aims to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. The heating and cooling sectors constitute a significant potential to reduce the energy consumption of Europe and to achieve the greenhouse gas emission reduction goal. Improving and developing energy-efficient heating and cooling technologies is imperative. This work focuses on a micro-CHP (combined heat and power) system designed for trigeneration (i.e. electricity, heating and cooling production) and, more particularly, on the 50kW R1234yf heat pump of the system. The first objective of this thesis is the characterisation of the heat pump performances in heating mode. A test bench of the unit is built and an experimental campaign is conducted. The effects of the refrigerant charge, the water temperature lift, the superheat and a liquid receiver are assessed. The second objective is the prediction of the performances. For this purpose, a semi-empirical model of the heat pump is built.

Heat pump --- Experimental --- Modeling --- Micro-CHP --- Geothermal --- R1234yf --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie

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In a context of climate changes around the world and a willingness to achieve the goal fixed, the 2015
Paris Agreement, decarbonized strategies must be established. With this climate change, an increase
in cooling consumption of buildings can be expected. The current solution to achieve thermal com-
fort in buildings is to install air conditioning units to produce fresh air to cool the buildings. These
conventional air-conditioning systems consume a relatively large amount of electricity to produce this
cold, but also use refrigerants that contribute to the greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone
layer. However, there are alternatives to conventional air conditioning, including evaporative cooling
systems with a desiccant wheel.
The aim of this study is to evaluate different evaporative cooling techniques, including a review
of the different possible designs and configurations. A modelling of the whole cycle for a standard
configuration is performed. The modelling of each component of the cycle is addressed, a simple model
for each component and a complex model for the desiccant wheel and the rotary air-air exchanger.
A parametric study for each model is carried out in order to observe the impact of the evolution of
the parameters on the outputs of each model. A calibration of the simple models for the desiccant
wheel and the rotary air-air exchanger is carried out from data generated with the complex model as
well as a validation in order to evaluate the relevance of a simple model next to a complex model.
For the desiccant wheel, the simple model can substitute the complex model because the error on the
desiccant wheel output is ±0.5[K] and ±0.3[g_water/kg_air]. For the rotary exchanger, the simple model
does not allow to substitute the complex model, other elements like the flow rate must be taken into
account in the efficiency calculation.
This type of technology can be applied especially in hot and humid climates as it allows the
regulation of both temperature and humidity to ensure optimal thermal comfort. Even more so by
improving the way in which the regeneration temperature of the desiccant wheel is reached as well as
by installing solar collectors in order to make the system almost autonomous in energy.

Evaporative cooling --- Desiccant wheel --- Modelling --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Energie