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Honey bee pathogens are spread worldwide and are strongly related to the decline of honey bee populations, which has severe implications for beekeeping, honey production and ecology. Honey bee pathogens are continuously studied by researchers with the aim to better understand the host-parasite relationship of these pathogens and the effects that they have on bee colonies. Honey bee pathogens include bacteria (i.e., Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae), microsporidia (i.e., Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae), fungi (i.e., Ascosphaera apis), protozoa (i.e., Lotmaria passim, Crithidia bombi and Crithidia mellificae) and viruses (i.e., ABPV, CBPV, IAPV, KBV, DWV, BQCV and SBV). All of these pathogens are able to infect other bee species; infections would have important implications for their life cycles (e.g., Osmia sp. and Bombus sp.) or cause unknown epidemiological effects for other hymenopterans. In addition, old and new invasive pests (such as Varroa destructor, Aethina tumida, Vespa velutina, etc.) necessitate more studies to define their role as possible vectors or possible sources of infection for honey bees. For these reasons, knowledge on honey bee pathogens has become a matter of public interest and is connected with the critical role of honey bee health. The aim of this Special Issue is to explore honey bee pathogens, considering any aspect in relation to host-pathogen interaction and highlighting the possible interaction and spillover with other bee species and invasive pests, through a series of research articles that focus on different aspects of pathologies.

Human evolution.

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Over the past decade, the worldwide decline in honey bee populations has been an important issue due to its implications for beekeeping and honey production. Honey bee pathologies are continuously studied by researchers, in order to investigate the host–parasite relationship and its effect on honey bee colonies. For these reasons, the interest of the veterinary community towards this issue has increased recently, and honey bee health has also become a subject of public interest. Bacteria, such as Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, microsporidia, such as Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, fungi, such as Ascosphaera apis, mites, such as Varroa destructor, predatory wasps, including Vespa velutina, and invasive beetles, such as Aethina tumida, are “old” and “new” subjects of important veterinary interest. Recently, the role of host–pathogen interactions in bee health has been included in a multifactorial approach to the study of these insects’ health, which involves a dynamic balance among a range of threats and resources interacting at multiple levels. The aim of this Special Issue is to explore honey bee health through a series of research articles that are focused on different aspects of honey bee health at different levels, including molecular health, microbial health, population genetic health, and the interaction between invasive species that live in strict contact with honey bee populations.

Research & information: general --- text-mining --- topic modeling --- colony collapse disorder --- genomics --- Varroa mite --- honey bee health --- Apis mellifera --- GABA --- beta-alanine --- oxalic acid --- diet effect --- microbiota --- bee --- silicone band --- hive --- passive sampler --- honey bee --- virus --- DWV-A --- hive products --- honey --- pollen --- wax --- Nosema ceranae --- Nosema apis --- epidemiology --- replacement --- ecoregions --- North Asia --- DNA analysis --- health --- Lotmaria passim --- Melissococcus plutonius --- pathology --- Tropilaelaps --- Varroa destructor --- honey bees --- mites --- viruses --- behavior --- social immunity --- Africanized bees --- microsatellites --- Uruguay --- honeybee --- One-Health --- nexus --- landscape --- beekeeper --- pathogens --- histopathology --- testes --- microsporidia --- Hsp70 gene --- 16S rRNA gene --- garlic --- viability --- prevalence --- infection intensity --- seasonality --- bee longevity --- bee population --- honey stores --- CCD --- mite --- reproductive rate --- worker brood --- infestation level --- longevity --- distribution --- model --- honey bee model --- grooming --- drones --- chronic bee paralysis virus --- Varroa infestation control --- nosemosis --- hairless black syndrome --- honeybee veterinary medicine --- acute bee paralysis --- chronic bee paralysis --- deformed wing virus --- varroa infestation --- honey bee losses --- viral diseases --- nosematosis --- negative pressures --- bee hive monitoring --- real-time monitoring --- sound measurement --- swarming detection --- queen bee detection --- sound analysis --- acaricides --- primer pheromone --- hydrocarbon profiles --- survival --- Nosema disease --- dark forest bee --- Apis mellifera mellifera --- microsatellite loci --- association --- gut microbiota --- gut mycobiota --- season --- Apis mellifera L. --- unicellular --- n/a

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Over the past decade, the worldwide decline in honey bee populations has been an important issue due to its implications for beekeeping and honey production. Honey bee pathologies are continuously studied by researchers, in order to investigate the host–parasite relationship and its effect on honey bee colonies. For these reasons, the interest of the veterinary community towards this issue has increased recently, and honey bee health has also become a subject of public interest. Bacteria, such as Melissococcus plutonius and Paenibacillus larvae, microsporidia, such as Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae, fungi, such as Ascosphaera apis, mites, such as Varroa destructor, predatory wasps, including Vespa velutina, and invasive beetles, such as Aethina tumida, are “old” and “new” subjects of important veterinary interest. Recently, the role of host–pathogen interactions in bee health has been included in a multifactorial approach to the study of these insects’ health, which involves a dynamic balance among a range of threats and resources interacting at multiple levels. The aim of this Special Issue is to explore honey bee health through a series of research articles that are focused on different aspects of honey bee health at different levels, including molecular health, microbial health, population genetic health, and the interaction between invasive species that live in strict contact with honey bee populations.

Research & information: general --- text-mining --- topic modeling --- colony collapse disorder --- genomics --- Varroa mite --- honey bee health --- Apis mellifera --- GABA --- beta-alanine --- oxalic acid --- diet effect --- microbiota --- bee --- silicone band --- hive --- passive sampler --- honey bee --- virus --- DWV-A --- hive products --- honey --- pollen --- wax --- Nosema ceranae --- Nosema apis --- epidemiology --- replacement --- ecoregions --- North Asia --- DNA analysis --- health --- Lotmaria passim --- Melissococcus plutonius --- pathology --- Tropilaelaps --- Varroa destructor --- honey bees --- mites --- viruses --- behavior --- social immunity --- Africanized bees --- microsatellites --- Uruguay --- honeybee --- One-Health --- nexus --- landscape --- beekeeper --- pathogens --- histopathology --- testes --- microsporidia --- Hsp70 gene --- 16S rRNA gene --- garlic --- viability --- prevalence --- infection intensity --- seasonality --- bee longevity --- bee population --- honey stores --- CCD --- mite --- reproductive rate --- worker brood --- infestation level --- longevity --- distribution --- model --- honey bee model --- grooming --- drones --- chronic bee paralysis virus --- Varroa infestation control --- nosemosis --- hairless black syndrome --- honeybee veterinary medicine --- acute bee paralysis --- chronic bee paralysis --- deformed wing virus --- varroa infestation --- honey bee losses --- viral diseases --- nosematosis --- negative pressures --- bee hive monitoring --- real-time monitoring --- sound measurement --- swarming detection --- queen bee detection --- sound analysis --- acaricides --- primer pheromone --- hydrocarbon profiles --- survival --- Nosema disease --- dark forest bee --- Apis mellifera mellifera --- microsatellite loci --- association --- gut microbiota --- gut mycobiota --- season --- Apis mellifera L. --- unicellular --- text-mining --- topic modeling --- colony collapse disorder --- genomics --- Varroa mite --- honey bee health --- Apis mellifera --- GABA --- beta-alanine --- oxalic acid --- diet effect --- microbiota --- bee --- silicone band --- hive --- passive sampler --- honey bee --- virus --- DWV-A --- hive products --- honey --- pollen --- wax --- Nosema ceranae --- Nosema apis --- epidemiology --- replacement --- ecoregions --- North Asia --- DNA analysis --- health --- Lotmaria passim --- Melissococcus plutonius --- pathology --- Tropilaelaps --- Varroa destructor --- honey bees --- mites --- viruses --- behavior --- social immunity --- Africanized bees --- microsatellites --- Uruguay --- honeybee --- One-Health --- nexus --- landscape --- beekeeper --- pathogens --- histopathology --- testes --- microsporidia --- Hsp70 gene --- 16S rRNA gene --- garlic --- viability --- prevalence --- infection intensity --- seasonality --- bee longevity --- bee population --- honey stores --- CCD --- mite --- reproductive rate --- worker brood --- infestation level --- longevity --- distribution --- model --- honey bee model --- grooming --- drones --- chronic bee paralysis virus --- Varroa infestation control --- nosemosis --- hairless black syndrome --- honeybee veterinary medicine --- acute bee paralysis --- chronic bee paralysis --- deformed wing virus --- varroa infestation --- honey bee losses --- viral diseases --- nosematosis --- negative pressures --- bee hive monitoring --- real-time monitoring --- sound measurement --- swarming detection --- queen bee detection --- sound analysis --- acaricides --- primer pheromone --- hydrocarbon profiles --- survival --- Nosema disease --- dark forest bee --- Apis mellifera mellifera --- microsatellite loci --- association --- gut microbiota --- gut mycobiota --- season --- Apis mellifera L. --- unicellular

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Leptospirosis is a worldwide-distributed, re-emerging zoonosis due to the large variety of wild and domestic animal species that can play the role of natural or accidental host. Currently, specific animal species play an important role as reservoirs for particular Leptospira serovars, although recent investigations have highlighted new host–pathogen interactions involved in Leptospira epidemiology. Furthermore, the constant modification of ecosystems and wildlife habitats and the constantly increasing number of animal species moving towards urban or peri-urban areas are increasing the possibility of direct or indirect contact between wildlife and domestic animals; furthermore, the constant modification of animal leptospirosis also causes problems for human health. The studies published in this book have evidenced and confirmed the hidden role of a large variety of animal species, domestic and wild, in leptospirosis epidemiology. They highlighted the necessity for continuous monitoring and large-scale surveillance studies to better understand this neglected and re-emerging zoonosis.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Leptospirosis --- pig --- MAT --- real-time PCR --- genotyping --- epidemiology --- Australis --- canine leptospirosis --- Icterohaemorrhagiae --- multi-locus sequence typing --- leptospirosis --- zoonosis --- infectious disease --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- wildlife --- Leptospira fainei --- intermediate Leptospira --- Leptospira spp. --- cattle --- abortion --- pathology --- non-maintenance serovars --- PCR --- lfb1-phylogeny --- Leptospira --- African green monkeys --- Caribbean --- renal lesions --- dog --- multilocus sequence typing --- multiple loci variable-number tandem repeat analysis --- MaxEnt --- risk map --- Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) --- climate change --- wild boar --- Sus scrofa --- African green monkey --- Chlorocebus sabeus --- vaccine --- dogs --- bovine --- new Pomona serovars --- MLST --- VNTR --- Leptospirosis --- pig --- MAT --- real-time PCR --- genotyping --- epidemiology --- Australis --- canine leptospirosis --- Icterohaemorrhagiae --- multi-locus sequence typing --- leptospirosis --- zoonosis --- infectious disease --- multilocus sequence typing (MLST) --- wildlife --- Leptospira fainei --- intermediate Leptospira --- Leptospira spp. --- cattle --- abortion --- pathology --- non-maintenance serovars --- PCR --- lfb1-phylogeny --- Leptospira --- African green monkeys --- Caribbean --- renal lesions --- dog --- multilocus sequence typing --- multiple loci variable-number tandem repeat analysis --- MaxEnt --- risk map --- Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) --- climate change --- wild boar --- Sus scrofa --- African green monkey --- Chlorocebus sabeus --- vaccine --- dogs --- bovine --- new Pomona serovars --- MLST --- VNTR