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Dissertation
Ways of Re-embracing Nature: A Comparative Analysis of Zen ecology and Eco-phenomenology
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Year: 2024 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Hoger Instituut voor Wijsbegeerte

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Abstract

This essay explores how two different philosophical streams, Zen ecology and eco-phenomenology, help us build a deeper and more intimate relationship with nature. Today’s ecological crisis shows that the way we have been treating the natural world is harmful and unsustainable. Some Western traditional moral theories, such as Kant’s ethics and utilitarianism, are insufficient in guiding us to reach our wishes. They display features like rule-based moral monism, strong anthropocentrism, and absolute universalism. Those features are limited in helping us understand our intricate relationship with nature. To find better approaches, I explore eco-phenomenology and Zen-ecology. Eco-phenomenology encourages us to think more deeply about how we perceive the world and challenges our usual ways of seeing things. This perspective helps us understand that the Earth is not just a background to our lives but an active part of our experience that deserves our respect and active learning. The ideas of philosophers like Husserl and Merleau-Ponty are key here, especially their thoughts on how our interactions with the world around us shape our experiences. Zen ecology, in contrast, underscores the profound interconnectedness of all life. Rooted in the teachings of Zen Buddhism, it promotes the ideas of impermanence, suffering, and the concept of no-self from Dōgen’s The Mountains and Waters Sutra. Zen-ecology instills in us a sense of unity and responsibility and reminds us that our actions have impacts on other beings throughout the entire web of life. By uniting the profound insights of eco-phenomenology with the holistic teachings of Zen ecology, we can transcend superficial environmental approaches. There are real-life examples that use these theoretical frameworks to transform human-nature relationships. This synthesis between practical and theoretical offers hope and guidelines that enable us to cultivate a truly respectful and meaningful relationship with nature. It acknowledges our role within the larger ecosystem and inspires us to embrace these philosophical ideas for a sustainable and harmonious relationship with the natural world.

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Dissertation
Does phenomenological attitude necessarily lead to uncovering of mystical dimension?

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In this article, I analyze the implications of phenomenological attitude in Husserlian phenomenology through other major concepts – such as epoché, horizon, transcendental ego, and givenness = to show the connection between phenomenological attitude and the mystical dimension. I achieve this in several steps. Firstly, I show that phenomenology is characterized by openness to the givenness of phenomena. This openness is shown by the fact that self-grounding of transcendental ego is problematic, since we also encounter transcendental ego in the givenness. Secondly, this openness towards what is given is further shown by thematizing givenness itself. I use William Desmond’s notion of original astonishment to define what I mean by mystical dimension. Original astonishment shows our awe at the givenness itself. Since, Husserl’s phenomenology thematizes the givenness, we uncover the sense of being given – as well as being given as subjects, and being given in the world – which endows sense of wonder to the world. I expressed that Husserl’s wonder to the teleology of the actual world is similar to this original astonishment. Thus, my arguments run in two ways – first is that phenomenology is open to the mystical dimension, and second, by thematizing givenness, we are wondered by the teleology of the world.

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Digital
Husserl, Kant and Transcendental Phenomenology

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