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The ability to draw inferences is a central operation in any artificial intelligence system. Automated reasoning is therefore among the traditional disciplines in AI. Theory reasoning is about techniques for combining automated reasoning systems with specialized and efficient modules for handling domain knowledge called background reasoners. Connection methods have proved to be a good choice for implementing high-speed automated reasoning systems. They are the starting point in this monograph,in which several theory reasoning versions are defined and related to each other. A major contribution of the book is a new technique of linear completion allowing for the automatic construction of background reasoners from a wide range of axiomatically given theories. The emphasis is on theoretical investigations, but implementation techniques based on Prolog are also covered.
Automatic theorem proving --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Automatic theorem proving. --- Theorema's--Automatische bewijsvoering --- Théorèmes--Démonstration automatique --- Automated theorem proving --- Theorem proving, Automated --- Theorem proving, Automatic --- Engineering. --- Computers. --- Mathematical logic. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Robotics. --- Automation. --- Robotics and Automation. --- Theory of Computation. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Mathematical Logic and Formal Languages. --- Mathematical Logic and Foundations. --- Artificial intelligence --- Proof theory --- Information theory. --- Computer science. --- Logic, Symbolic and mathematical. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Algebra of logic --- Logic, Universal --- Mathematical logic --- Symbolic and mathematical logic --- Symbolic logic --- Mathematics --- Algebra, Abstract --- Metamathematics --- Set theory --- Syllogism --- Informatics --- Science --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Communication theory --- Communication --- Cybernetics --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Automatic factories --- Automatic production --- Computer control --- Engineering cybernetics --- Factories --- Industrial engineering --- Mechanization --- Assembly-line methods --- Automatic control --- Automatic machinery --- CAD/CAM systems --- Robotics --- Automation
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Analysing how arbitral tribunals have dealt with the value judgment at the core of the distinction between 'objectionable' and 'unobjectionable' treaty shopping, this book suggests how States could reform their international investment agreements in order to make them less susceptible to the practice of treaty shopping.
Investments, Foreign (International law) --- Double taxation. --- Double taxation --- International taxation (Double taxation) --- Taxation, Double --- Taxation --- Conflict of laws --- International investment law --- Investment law, International --- International law --- Law and legislation
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Do you want to understand the benefits AI has in various industries across the globe ? Would you like to discover how AI is applied nowadays to improve our lives ? Have you have wondered if AI will replace the human workforce and if it could replace you ? If your answer is yes to any of these questions, then keep reading because you are about to find what you are looking for.
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What is ‘treaty shopping’ and how may ‘legitimate nationality planning’ be distinguished from ‘treaty abuse’ in international investment law? Should a claimant that is controlled by a host State national be a protected investor, or should tribunals ‘pierce its corporate veil’? Does an investor have to make a contribution of its own to the investment it is claiming protection for? When does a corporate restructuring constitute an abuse of process, and which is the role of the notion of dispute in this respect? How efficient are ‘denial of benefits’ clauses to counter treaty shopping? These are some of the salient questions investment arbitral tribunals have been increasingly faced with in past years when deciding on whether an investment claim based on ‘treaty shopping’ should be upheld or dismissed. While some legal approaches taken by arbitral tribunals have started to consolidate, others remain unsettled, painting a picture of an overall inconsistent jurisprudence. This is hardly surprising, given the thousands of international investment agreements that provide for the investor’s right to sue the host State on grounds of alleged breaches of investment obligations. The book analyses and discusses the different ways by which arbitral tribunals have dealt with the value judgment at the core of the distinction between objectionable and unobjectionable treaty shopping, and makes proposals de lege ferenda on how States could reform their international investment agreements (in particular with respect to treaty drafting) in order to make them less susceptible to the practice of treaty shopping.
Investments, Foreign (International law) --- Jurisdiction --- Treaties --- Conflict of laws --- Double taxation --- International taxation (Double taxation) --- Taxation, Double --- Taxation --- International investment law --- Investment law, International --- International law --- Law and legislation
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