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Most philosophers agree that causal knowledge is essential to decision-making: agents should choose from the available options those that probably cause the outcomes that they want. This book argues against this theory and in favour of evidential or Bayesian decision theory, which emphasises the symptomatic value of options over their causal role. It examines a variety of settings, including economic theory, quantum mechanics and philosophical thought-experiments, where causal knowledge seems to make a practical difference. The arguments make novel use of machinery from other areas of philosophical inquiry, including first-person epistemology and the free will debate. The book also illustrates the applicability of decision theory itself to questions about the direction of time and the special epistemic status of agents.

Decision making. --- Evidence. --- Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Proof --- Belief and doubt --- Faith --- Logic --- Truth --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Choice (Psychology) --- Problem solving --- Decision making --- Theory of knowledge

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Newcomb's problem is a controversial paradox of decision theory. It is easily explained and easily understood, and there is a strong chance that most of us have actually faced it in some form or other. And yet it has proven as thorny and intractable a puzzle as much older and better-known philosophical problems of consciousness, scepticism and fatalism. It brings into very sharp and focused disagreement several long-standing philosophical theories on practical rationality, on the nature of free will, and on the direction and analysis of causation. This volume introduces readers to the nature of Newcomb's problem, and ten chapters by leading scholars present the most recent debates around the problem and analyse its ramifications for decision theory, metaphysics, philosophical psychology and political science. Their chapters highlight the status of Newcomb's problem as a live and continuing issue in modern philosophy.

Game theory. --- Choice (Psychology) --- Decision making. --- Deciding --- Decision (Psychology) --- Decision analysis --- Decision processes --- Making decisions --- Management --- Management decisions --- Problem solving --- Psychology --- Games, Theory of --- Theory of games --- Mathematical models --- Mathematics --- Decision making

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This book describes the latest advances in intelligent techniques such as fuzzy logic, neural networks, and optimization algorithms, and their relevance in building intelligent information systems in combination with applied mathematics. The authors also outline the applications of these systems in areas like intelligent control and robotics, pattern recognition, medical diagnosis, time series prediction, and optimization of complex problems. By sharing fresh ideas and identifying new targets/problems it offers young researchers and students new directions for their future research. The book is intended for readers from mathematics and computer science, in particular professors and students working on theory and applications of intelligent systems for real-world applications.

Computer science --- Mathematics. --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Computational intelligence. --- Neural networks (Computer science) . --- Computational Intelligence. --- Mathematical Models of Cognitive Processes and Neural Networks. --- Artificial neural networks --- Nets, Neural (Computer science) --- Networks, Neural (Computer science) --- Neural nets (Computer science) --- Artificial intelligence --- Natural computation --- Soft computing --- Intelligence, Computational