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新冠疫情持续不退，气候变化似在加速，这两个问题依然困扰着我们的世界，也突显了全球加强合作与对话的必要性。为解决这些全球性问题，所有国家和地区都必须参与进来，而撒哈拉以南非洲尤其如此。从全世界来看，该地区目前的疫苗接种率最低，但可再生能源的前景与潜力最大，且其拥有关键的生态系统。撒哈拉以南非洲的经济预计将在2021年增长3.7%，在2022年增长3.8%。相比2020年的大幅收缩，这将是显著的改善，但与其他地区相比，撒哈拉以南非洲的复苏步伐仍是最慢的。特别是，经济前景在三个层面上出现分化：撒哈拉以南非洲与其他地区之间出现分化，撒哈拉以南非洲内部出现分化，以及各国内部出现分化。这些分化趋势反映了以下几个因素，即该地区疫苗推广步伐更慢，财政空间更为有限，以及该地区各国在经济韧性上的差异。前景依然极不确定，风险偏向下行。特别是，该地区的复苏进程取决于全球疫情走势、地区疫苗接种工作进展、食品价格通胀等因素，同时也极易受到全球经济活动和金融市场扰动的影响。展望未来，撒哈拉以南非洲的发展潜力仍未被削弱。该地区正处在一个重要关头，应大刀阔斧地推动重大改革，充分利用其发展潜力。.

Currency crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial crises --- Foreign Exchange --- International agencies --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Economics --- International institutions --- International organization --- International Organizations --- Macroeconomics

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The world has witnessed transformational changes in recent years, not the least in technical parlance. With the massive amount of new and interdisciplinary concepts, the need has emerged to standardize and communicate emerging technical terms in languages other than English. The language Services Division of the IMF’s Corporate Services and Facilities Department prepared this thematic bulletin as a contribution to the international effort of linguists and translation experts, for the benefit of topical experts, member countries, professional translators and interpreters, and the general public. It is produced on the occasion of the 2023 Annual Meetings of the World Bank Group and the International Monetary Fund in Marrakesh, Morocco.

Currency crises --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economic sectors --- Economics of specific sectors --- Economics --- Economics: General --- Financial crises --- Foreign Exchange --- Informal Economy --- Informal sector --- Macroeconomics --- Underground Econom

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Financial sector liberalization was high on the agenda of policymakers during the last quarter of the twentieth century. But there were significant differences in the pace and scale of reform. This pamphlet examines the factors triggering-or impeding and even reversing-financial reform in 35 economies, both industrial and developing.

Finance --- Banking crises --- Banks and Banking --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Financial Crises --- Financial crises --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Financial sector --- Financial services industry --- Industries: Financial Services --- New Zealand

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Finance & Development, June 2020.

Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Diseases: Contagious --- Political Economy --- Financial Crises --- Health: General --- Health Behavior --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Health economics --- International economics --- Infectious & contagious diseases --- Health --- Political economy --- COVID-19 --- Personal income tax --- Financial crises --- Communicable diseases --- Economics --- Income tax --- United States --- Covid-19

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The IMF's 2009 Annual Report chronicles the response of the Fund's Executive Board and staff to the global financial crisis and other events during financial year 2009, which covers the period from May 1, 2008, through April 30, 2009. The print version of the Report is available in eight languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, German, Japanese, Russian, and Spanish), along with a CD-ROM (available in English only) that includes the Report text and ancillary materials, including the Fund's Financial Statements for FY2009.

Budget planning and preparation --- Budget Systems --- Budget --- Budgeting & financial management --- Budgeting --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Finance --- Finance: General --- Financial Crises --- Financial crises --- Financial regulation and supervision --- Financial Risk Management --- Financial services industry --- General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation --- Government Policy --- Human Capital --- Human capital --- Income economics --- Labor Productivity --- Labour --- Macroeconomics --- National Budget --- Occupational Choice --- Poverty reduction strategy --- Poverty --- Provision and Effects of Welfare Program --- Public Finance --- Skills --- Social welfare & social services --- United States