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GCC policymakers have managed to quickly mitigate the economic impact of the twin COVID-19 and oil price shock. Commodity prices have surged, and the outlook is more positive for GCC countries, with new challenges linked to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and tighter global financial conditions expected to have a limited impact on GCC economies. While GCC countries have overall benefited from higher, albeit volatile hydrocarbon prices, numerous risks still cloud the outlook—notably a slowdown in the global economy. In this context, the reform momentum established during the low oil price years should be maintained—irrespective of the level of hydrocarbon prices.

Money and Monetary Policy --- Political Economy --- Monetary Policy --- Monetary economics --- Political economy --- Monetary policy --- Economics

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Curbing corruption can help countries achieve higher and more inclusive growth. The paper focuses on the Middle East, North Africa, and the Caucasus and Central Asia. The roots of corruption often lie in poor economic governance, and thus improving governance of economic institutions can help curb corruption. While every MCD country possesses its own strengths and weaknesses, there are some common themes and problems that emerge.

Economics: General --- International Economics --- Bureaucracy --- Administrative Processes in Public Organizations --- Corruption --- Economywide Country Studies: Asia including Middle East --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Political economy --- International institutions --- International organization --- Economics

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Fairness – and what governments can do about it – is at the forefront of economic and social debate all over the world. In MENA, this has been at the core of recent political transitions but has not been adequately addressed. This SDN explores how tax systems – a critical interface between the state and citizens – can play a role in meeting demands for greater economic fairness in MENA countries. The SDN finds that for countries with well-established non-hydrocarbon tax systems (mostly oil importers) reforms should focus on simplifying tax structures and introducing more progressivity of personal income taxes, broadening tax bases, and better designing and enforcing property taxes. Tax administration should be more efficient and user-friendly while simplifying tax regimes will reduce the scope for arbitrary implementation. MENA countries with less established non-hydrocarbon revenue systems can begin with a “starter pack” that includes introduction of low-rate value-added and corporate income taxes, excises, and property taxes while building up administrative capacity and taxation expertise together with plans for introducing a personal income tax. Across the region, effective communication, transparency, and constructive dialogue between the State and citizens are critical to the success of reforms.

Personal Finance -Taxation --- Public Finance --- Taxation --- Corporate Taxation --- Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement --- Fiscal Policy --- International Relations and International Political Economy: Other --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Taxation and Subsidies: Incidence --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Tax Evasion and Avoidance --- Public finance & taxation --- Corporate & business tax --- Revenue administration --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Personal income tax --- Corporate income tax --- Value-added tax --- Revenue --- Income tax --- Corporations --- Spendings tax --- Tunisia

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Devoted to research and scholarship in Economics and Political Sciences including Management, Finance, Banking and Accounting.

Electronic journals --- Social Sciences --- Humanities --- Economics --- Political science --- Periodicals --- Syria --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Economic theory --- Political economy --- Economic man --- Cyber journals --- Cyber magazines --- Cyber periodicals --- Cyber serials --- E-journals --- Ejournals --- Electronic magazines --- Electronic periodicals --- Electronic serials --- Internet journals (Electronic publications) --- Internet magazines (Electronic publications) --- Internet periodicals (Electronic publications) --- Internet serials (Electronic publications) --- Online journals --- Online magazines --- Online periodicals --- Online serials --- Periodicals in machine-readable form --- Web journals (Electronic publications) --- Web magazines (Electronic publications) --- Web periodicals (Electronic publications) --- Web serials (Electronic publications) --- World Wide Web journals (Electronic publications) --- World Wide Web magazines (Electronic publications) --- World Wide Web periodicals (Electronic publications) --- World Wide Web serials (Electronic publications) --- Electronic publications --- Arabska Republika Syryjska --- Aravikē Dēmokratia tēs Syrias --- Fédération des États de Syrie --- Ittiḥād al-Duwal al-Sūrīyah --- Jumhuriya al-Arabya as-Suriya --- Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah al-Sūrīyah --- Jumhūriyyah al-ʻArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah --- R.A.S. --- RAS --- Repubblica Araba Siriana --- Republiḳah ha-ʻArvit ha-Surit --- République arabe syrienne --- SAR --- Shiria --- Siria --- Sirii͡ --- Siriĭskai͡a Arabskai͡a Respublika --- Siriĭskata arabska republika --- Siryi͡ --- Siryĭskai͡a Arabskai͡a Rėspublika --- Sowria --- Suryah --- Syrian Arab Republic --- Syrie --- Syrien --- Syrii͡ --- Syriĭsʹka Arabsʹka respublika --- Syrische Arabische Republik --- United Arab Republic --- Xuliya